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本文目录

1. 如何学习音标
2. 4楼腰线房怎么装修
3. 普通人怎么报考社工证

如何学习音标

音标是学习英语的第一步，想要学好音标需要认识音标、会读音标，这样以后才能认识单词。在学习音标前，我们要先知道国际音标有48个，元音有20个，辅音有28个，元音又分为单元音和双元音，单元音有12个，双元音有8个。

音标数目

在上表中，我们可以看到音标有48个，现在我们常说的国际音标也是48个。

可以点击下面链接学习音标。

《【48个英语音标示范读音-哔哩哔哩】https://b23.tv/mt9vVaK》

元音部分

辅音部分

音标的分类

最实用的分类方式是：元音=长元音+短元音+双元音；辅音=清辅音+浊辅音。

英语一共有48个国际音标，包括20个元音，28个辅音。

20个元音包括5个长元音：/i:/、/?:/、/u:/、/a:/、/?:/；

7个短元音：[i]?[?]?[?]?[u]?[?]?[e]?[?]；

8个双元音：/e?、/a?/、/??/、/??/、/e?/、/??/、/??/、/a?/；

注意：

1、长元音顾名思义就是发的音比较长而饱满；短元音则发的音比较短而急；

2、双元音就是两个单元音拼在一起，成为组合音。双元音发音的特点是前面的单元音发音长，后面的发音比较短。

28个辅音包括：轻辅音/p//t//k//f//θ//s//?//ts//t?//tr//h/

浊辅音/b//d//g//v//e//z//?//dz//d?//dr//r/

鼻音/m//n//?/

半元音/j//w/

边音/?/

发音技巧

长元音

点击这个视频学习长元音发音。《【元音音标（长元音）-哔哩哔哩】https://b23.tv/xz9mOz3》

5个长元音/i:/、/?:/、/u:/、/a:/、/?:/发音技巧。

（1）/i:/发音技巧：

发音时舌尖抵下齿，口形扁平。在发音的时候要尽量拉长，就像古人喝醉酒以后吟诗的感觉。

单词举例：bee[bi?]n.蜜蜂；see[si?]v.看见，参看

（2）/?:/发音技巧：

/?:/是长元音，近似于北京腔的“儿”话音，如“花儿”的“儿”。发好这个音，关键在于卷舌！

单词举例：shirt[??:t]n.衬衫,男士衬衫；nurse[n?:s]n.护士,保姆

（3）/u:/发音技巧

发这个音时双唇用力向前突出，有点像拉长了音说“乌”，但要注意，“乌”的口形较扁。

单词举例：moon[mu:n]n.月球,月亮；room[ru?m]n.房间,空间

（4）/a:/发音技巧

发音时口张大，双唇稍收圆。发音时可以照着镜子，说“啊”，看看嘴巴张得够不够大，记得要将嘴巴尽量张大。

单词举例：ask[a:sk]v.问,询问；far[fa:r]adj.远的

（5）/?:/发音技巧

发这个音时，双唇稍稍收圆，并向前突出，发音接近于汉语“嗷”。这是个长元音，记住：长元音一定要拉长，发出来才好听。

单词举例：door[d?:r]n.门；short[??:t]adj.短的

短元音

点击这个视频学习短元音发音。《【【英语音标7个短元音/?//?//?//?//?//e//?/怎么读？】-哔哩哔哩】https://b23.tv/fo9Bd5E》

7个短元音：/i/、/?/、?/?/、/u/、/?/、/e/、/?/

（1）/i/发音技巧

它是个短元音，发音要短促而轻快。

单词举例：big[b?ɡ]adj.大的,庞大的；Fit[fit]v.合身,适合于

（2）/?/发音技巧

发音时舌身平放，双唇扁平。发这个音时不用卷舌。

单词举例：teacher[?ti?t??]n.老师,教师；mother[?m?e?]n.母亲

（3）/?/发音技巧

这是一个短元音，发音一定要短，发音比/?:/短一些，双唇稍稍收圆，并向前突出。

单词举例：dog[d?g]n.狗,家伙；hot[h?t]adj.热的,辣的

（4）/u/发音技巧

发音时双唇收圆，稍突出。就像发汉语中的“乌”，但没发完就给打断了一样。

单词举例：book[b?k]n.书,卷；cook[k?k]vt.烹调,煮

（5）/?/发音技巧

发音时舌尖和舌端两侧轻触下齿，唇形稍扁，开口度较大。这个发音有点像发“啊”音时突然被谁卡住了脖子的感觉。

单词举例：brother['br?e?(r)]n.哥哥，弟弟；mother[?m?e?]n.母亲

（6）/e/发音技巧

发音时舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起，上下嘴张开的角度大约呈“45度”，同时发出声音。

单词举例：leg[leg]v.?n.?腿,支柱；desk?[desk]n.?书桌

（7）/?/发音技巧

发音时，双唇向两边平伸，张开嘴，嘴唇放松逐渐压低舌头7和下颚，尽可能夸张。

单词举例：bad?[b?d]?：adj.?坏的,不好的；cat?[k?t]?：n.?猫，猫科动物

双元音

点击这个视频学习双元音发音。《【【英语基础】英语国际音标-8个双元音的发音-哔哩哔哩】https://b23.tv/VQsPDdl》

8个双元音发音技巧：/e?/、/a?/、/??/、/??/、/e?/、/??/、/??/、/a?/

（1）/e?/发音技巧

该音是个双元音，发音时双唇稍扁，口形从半开到合。类似于英文字母“A”。

单词举例：say[sei]?v.说；delay[di?lei]?n.?延迟?

（2）/a?/发音技巧

发此音的关键是要把/a/音发足，接近于英文字母中的“I”。

单词举例：ice??[ais]?n.?冰，雪糕；side?[said]n.?面，边

（3）/??/发音技巧

发音时双唇从圆到扁，口形从开到合。接近于汉语发音“奥一”。

单词举例：oil??[?il]?n.?油，石油；noise?[n??z]?n.?噪音，嘈杂声

（4）/??/发音技巧

发声时，由第一个音[i]向[?]集中，接近于汉语发音“一呃”。

单词举例：fear???[f??r]?：n.?害怕，可能性；dear???[d??r]?：adj.?亲爱的

（5）/e?/发音技巧

接近于汉语发音“哎呃”。

单词举例：bear??[b??]?：n.?熊；wear??[w??]?：vt.?穿着

（6）/??/发音技巧

第一个是“短乌音”/u/，第二个是/?/。类似于汉语发音“屋呃”。

单词举例：sure?[???r]?adj.?确信的，确实的；pure??[pj??r]?adj.?纯的；?单纯的

（7）/??/发音技巧

舌位由半低到高，口形由半开到小。接近于汉语发音“呃屋”。

单词举例：?flow??[fl?u]?：vi.?流；glow???[ɡl??]?：vi.?发光，灼热

（8）/a?/发音技巧

由第一个音向第二个音滑动，接近于汉语发音“啊屋”。

单词举例：cow?[ka?]?n.?奶牛，乳牛；hour?[a??r]?n.?小时，钟头

辅音

点击这个视频学习辅音发音。《【英语音标（辅音部分），发音规则与技巧！美式发音，地道口语！清辅音，浊辅音！初级，零基础，欢迎新手！-哔哩哔哩】https://b23.tv/dCgZVAA》

11个清辅音/p//t//k//f//θ//s//?//ts//t?//tr//h/

11个浊辅音/b//d//g//v//e//z//?//dz//d?//dr//r/

注意：

清辅音：发音时送气，声带不颤动（颤不颤用手放在喉咙上就知道了）

浊辅音：发音时不送气(拿张纸放在嘴前，纸没有被吹开)，声带颤动。

（1）/p//b/谐音分别为“普”、“卜”，都省去韵母成分

发音方法：/p/是清辅音，声带不振动；/b/是浊辅音，声带振动。

单词举例：/p/：pen[pen]n.钢笔；pin[pin]n.大头针

/b/：bike[baik]n.自行车；beg[beg]v.乞求

（2）/t//d/分别谐音“特”、“得”。

发音方法：/t/是清辅音，声带不振动；/d/是浊辅音，声带振动。

单词举例：/t/：ten[ten]num；test[test]n.试验,考验

/d/：student?[?studnt]?n.学生；date?[de?t]n.日期、日子、约见时间v.注明日期、写上日期

（3）/k//g/分别谐音“可”、“嗝”。

发音方法：发音时舌后部隆起紧贴软颚，憋住气，然后突然分开，气流送出口腔，形成爆破音。/k/是清辅音，声带不要振动；/g/是浊辅音，声带需要振动。

单词举例：/k/：kite[kait]n.风筝；cake[ke?k]n.蛋糕

/g/：glove[ɡl?v]n.手套；girl[ɡ?:l]n.女孩

（4）/f//v/

/f/谐音“府”，/v/就是北方人把W读成V那种感觉。

发音方法：发音前，上齿咬住下嘴唇，然后使气流由唇齿间的缝隙中通过，从而引起摩擦。

/f/是清辅音，发音时声带不震动；/v/是浊辅音，发音时声带振动。

单词举例：/f/：flower['fla??r]n.花；fly[flai]vi.飞,飞行

/v/：love[l?v]v.爱；seven[?sev?n]num.七

(5)/θ//e/牙齿轻咬舌尖发出的音

发音方法：发音时，舌尖微微伸出，置于上下门齿之间，舌尖和下齿之间的气流通道非常窄小，气流从舌齿间的窄缝中通过。/θ/是清辅音，发音时声带不振动；/e/是浊辅音，发音时声带振动。

单词举例：/θ/：three[θri:]num.三；throw[θr??]vi.投掷

/e/：this[e?s]pron.这,这个，这里；mother[?m?e?(r)]n.母亲

(6)/s/谐音“丝”，/z/“zi”

发音方法：发音时舌端靠近齿龈，气流由舌端齿龈间送出。/s/是清辅音，声带不振动；/z/是浊浦音，声带振动。

单词举例：/s/：school[sku:l]n.学校，学院；bus[b?s]n.公共汽车

/z/：please[pli:z]int.请；zoo[zu:]n.动物园

(7)/ts//dz/分别谐音“次”、“自”

发音方法：舌端先贴住上齿龈，堵住气流，气流送出口腔。/ts/是清辅音，声带不振动，/dz/是浊辅音，声带振动。

单词举例：/ts/：cats[k?ts]n.猫(cat的名词复数)；hats[h?ts]n.帽子(hat的名词复数)

/dz/：hands[h?ndz]n.手；lands[l?ndz]n.陆地

(8)/tr//dr/分别谐音“戳”、“捉”

发音方法：舌尖贴齿龈后部，气流冲破阻碍发出短促的/t/后立即发/r/。/tr/是清辅音，声带不振动；/dr/是浊辅音，声带振动。

单词举例：/tr/:tree[tri:]n.树，木料；try[tra?]vt.&vi.试图

/dr/：dress[dres]n.连衣裙；drink[dr??k]v.喝酒

(9)/∫//?/分别谐音“诗”、“日”

发音方法：/∫/是清辅音，声带不振动；/?/是浊辅音，声带振动。

单词举例：/∫/：English[???gl??]adj.英格兰的；英国的；rubbish[?r?b??]n.垃圾；

/?/：pleasure[?ple??]n.快乐，愉快；casual[?k??u?l]adj意外的，偶然的

（10）/t∫//d?/分别谐音“吃”、“之”

发音方法：发音时舌身抬高，舌端抵上齿龈后部，气流通过时发出破擦音。/t∫/是清辅音，声带不振动；/d?/是浊辅音，声带振动。

单词举例：/t∫/：chalk[t??:k]n.粉笔；chair[t?e?r]n.椅子

/d?/：page[pe?d?]n.页；age[e?d?]n.年龄

(11)/h//r/分别谐音“呵”、“若”，省去韵母成分。

发音方法：

发/h/这个音时，嘴半开，气流从口腔不受阻碍而出，声带不振动，清辅音。

发/r/这个音时，舌端上卷，靠近上齿龈附近，嘴唇张开并保持略圆状态，气流从口腔涌出，声带振动，属于浊辅音。

单词举例:/h/：hair[he?(r)]n.头发；hate[he?t]v.恨，厌恶

/r/：sorry['s?r?]v.对不起；write[ra?t]v.写

鼻音

点击这个视频学习鼻音发音。《【（21）鼻音mn?|英语音标发音口型示范|美式发音-哔哩哔哩】https://b23.tv/8P1jfXx》

(1)/m/谐音“恩”

发音方法：双唇紧闭，软腭下垂，气流从鼻腔发出，声带震动。闭口音。

单词举例：major[?me?d??(r)]adj.主要的；time[ta?m]n.时间

(2)/n/谐音“呢”

发音方法：舌尖顶住上齿龈，形成阻碍，气流从鼻腔发出，同时声带震动，开口音。

单词举例：nice[na?c]adj.漂亮的；funny[?f?ni]adj.有趣的

(3)/?/谐音“英”，省去声母部分

发音方法：发音时气流从鼻腔涌出，声带振动。

单词举例：think[θ??k]v.想；angel[?e?nd?l]n.天使

边音

点击这个视频学习边音发音。《【真正的国际音标-边音Lateral-哔哩哔哩】https://b23.tv/G9C7X9F》

/l/谐音“里”

发音方法：舌尖顶住上齿龈，发音时气流从舌面的两侧通过，声带保持震动，属于浊辅音。

单词举例：light[la?t]n.光线；ball[b?:l]n.球

半元音

点击这个视频学习半元音发音。《【BBC英语其他辅音半元音'w'的发音与'v'的区别国际音标发音｜PronunciationTips34-OtherConsonant-哔哩哔哩】https://b23.tv/fC2pYDl》

/j/谐音“耶”

发音方法：发音时声带震动，气流口腔发出。浊辅音，发音口型类似/i/.

单词举例：ye[jes]adv.是的；young[j??]adj.年轻的

/w/谐音“屋”

发音方法：嘴唇张开到刚好可以含住一根吸管的程度，并向前微噘起，但上齿不能接触下唇,立刻滑向其后的元音。

单词举例：wish[w??]：v.希望；which[w?t?]：pron.哪一个

学习步骤

抄写

抄写音标，并了解音标特点。

对音标的基本认知

1、区别长短音带“：”的音标发音相对较长不带“：”的音标发音相对较短。

2、区别清辅音和浊辅音核心区别：清辅音声带不震动，浊辅音声带振动。

模仿练习

找合适的视频学习学习跟读。例如b站上《【赖世雄48个英语音标朗读示范，美音英音对照版-哔哩哔哩】【https://b23.tv/sHYQFZ3】》、《【李咏梅老师英语（音标部分）——最牛的初中英语老师！没有之一！李咏梅国际音标（完整版发音篇）-哔哩哔哩】https://b23.tv/U1pmjNE》、《【纯正英式发音】这是BBC出品的到现在为止最棒的英语发音教程（完整版）-哔哩哔哩】https://b23.tv/gZzDKl5》，以上几个视频都非常不错，详细讲解每个音标的读法。注意视频一定至少跟读5遍，才能确保你的学习效果。

也可以通过下面这个视频观察发音口型的变化。

《【48个英语音标示范读音-哔哩哔哩】https://b23.tv/mt9vVaK》

1、模仿练习，学习国际音标的发音，要注意观察老师的口型，观察发音部位的变化，主动模仿发音，初学可以对着镜子模仿练习，特别是元音发音的舌位高低，口腔开口度大小与音色关系十分密切，可以通过镜子观察口型上的区别，观察舌尖、舌面、舌叶的活动情况，比如u和o、i和e、e和ε等等，掌握准确口腔开口度，对于准确发音具有非常重要的意义。

2、听音训练:学习国际音标需要认识48个音标，通过反反复复的听力练习，达到强化记忆。听音训练，如果有条件，可以多听老师朗读音标，也可以使用录音带反复听音，本课件中的每个音素，都可以循环倾听，强化记忆。

3、多动口，动口是加强实践的关键和核心，听音也好，模仿也好，比较也好，最终要归结到自己发音这一目标上来，所以勤动口是掌握国际音标发音的关键。俗话说，"三天不写手生，三天不念口生"，说的就是要加强动手动口能力的培养。因此学习国际音标，要时时加强语音训练，勤动口，反复实践练习，在实践中比较，在实践中体会差别，做到熟能生巧，这样自然就掌握国际音标的发音了。

重点音标讲解

单元音

[i:]=“一”

[?]：[?]开口要比[i:]稍大，注意比较两图口型。

[e]嘴张45°，[?]嘴张90°

[?:r][?r]=“二”

[?]=额（不卷舌）

[?]：开口比“啊”略小

[ɑ:r]=卷舌的“啊”

[ɑ]=“啊”

[?]=开口稍大的“哦”

[?:r]=卷舌的“哦”

[u:]核心：双唇由半开微突，过渡到合嘴圆唇

[?]发成噘嘴的[?],气流向外。

双元音

双元音较简单，大多数可进行类比，注意双元音的重音在第一个音标，即前一个音读的稍重，后一个音读的较轻。

[e?]=“A”

[a?]=“I”

[??]=“O”

[??]=“哦一”

[??]=ear

[e?]=air

[??]=“乌尔”

辅音

大部分辅音跟“汉语拼音”都有相似之处，直接看视频模仿即可，这里只讲解易错发音。

爆破音：

[t][p][k]不要读成[t?][p?][k?]注意：它们声带不震动

摩擦音：

[f][v]咬唇音，注意上齿咬下唇

[θ][e]

上下齿轻咬舌头，发音时能看到你的舌头露出

[?]=不发音的“诗”[?]=“日”

[r]=撅嘴＋卷舌的“热”[h]=不发音＋舌头平放的“喝”

鼻音

[m]合嘴

[n]舌前部抵住上颚

[?]嘴巴张开

舌侧音[l]

元音前：跟拼音“l”发音一致元音后：发“l”的前半段

半元音

[j]“也”

[w]=圆唇噘嘴的“我”

破擦音

[t?]=不发声的“吃”

[d?]=“居”

[ts]=不发声的“次”

[dz]=“子”

[tr]先发“t”，在发“r”，最后结合在一起

[dr]同上

词汇拼读

1、规划拼读任务，拿出单词书或课本词汇表，找只含1~2个音节的单词拼读，20个为一组，每天练习3组，当然如果有时间，多进行几组也OK，加强效果。后期难度逐渐加大。

2、输入法识别词汇，每拼读一个词汇，都对着X飞输入法的语音识别功能朗读，看能否被输入法识别出单词，用机器来检测是否读的准确。

3、听词汇跟读，不管输入法识别出单词，还是没识别出单词，都要查手机字典，来听一遍听力，并跟读，模仿语调和轻重读音。

例如：Cashdriverapartmentmoneybreakfastlawyeragency

学习计划

1、国际音标，一共48个，每天学4个，12天学完，元音和辅音每天各学习两个。

2、学完以后结合和音标相关的单词，每天坚持读一个小时，第二天要把第一天的一块儿读，第三天要把前两天的一块儿读，依次类推，坚持学完所有的音标，就可以读字典上任何一个单词。

3、长期坚持下去，会发现其实很多字母和音标有着关联，比如ph都发音标f的音，字母u发尖a的音，类似的规律，当大家坚持下来以后会发现很多，同时你甚至可以听到单词的发音就能把单词拼出来，直接就把背单词的问题解决了，音标会读，单词会读，单词会背，听力当然也不再是问题。自己总结出来的规律说明真的学会了，同时自己得出来的结论要比老师直接告诉你印象更深刻，同时最重要的是用起来更容易。

注意事项

1、了解发音要领，模仿老师口型

学习语音，一定要注意口型，并仔细揣摩每个音标的发音要领，特别是相似音标的发音区别。

零基础学员不要以为盯着老师的口型就好了，其实发音很多都是内部器官看不到的，所以需要老师正确的发音示范，跟着老师一起读，然后再加上老师给的一些技巧，继续跟读，老师感觉哪有问题，再帮着纠正，这样一系列过程才是练成标准发音的秘籍。

2、单词拼读实战，一对一纠正错误

养成一口纯正口语最重要的还是练习练习再练习，单词拼读实战训练，巩固你的发音。不断读，不断纠正，训练单个音标到训练多个单词，在学习语音的过程中，再掌握一些基础的词汇。

3、辩音练习，纠正错误，掌握发音规律

训练难度会随着课程的深入不断加强，但还是训练相同的内容，一节课很多类似的训练内容。音标中很多类似的发音，将相似音放在一起对比再练习，舌头和耳朵在这很重要。

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可以对着镜子模仿练习，特别是元音发音的舌位高低，口腔开口度大小与音色关系十分密切，可以通过镜子观察口型上的区别，观察舌尖、舌面、舌叶的活动情况，比如u和o、i和e、e和ε等等，掌握准确口腔开口度，对于准确发音具有非常重要的意义。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XcymdwOWCo6CIGxa2tecRpqyncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、听音训练:学习国际音标需要认识48个音标，通过反反复复的听力练习，达到强化记忆。听音训练，如果有条件，可以多听老师朗读音标，也可以使用录音带反复听音，本课件中的每个音素，都可以循环倾听，强化记忆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N242dAYGAoY4MIxCel4c7gT7nOd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、多动口，动口是加强实践的关键和核心，听音也好，模仿也好，比较也好，最终要归结到自己发音这一目标上来，所以勤动口是掌握国际音标发音的关键。俗话说，"三天不写手生，三天不念口生"，说的就是要加强动手动口能力的培养。因此学习国际音标，要时时加强语音训练，勤动口，反复实践练习，在实践中比较，在实践中体会差别，做到熟能生巧，这样自然就掌握国际音标的发音了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C8AGdQweWo6Eq4xwZQpcAzqTnGg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"重点音标讲解","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NYgkdUaewoSIquxc48NcmqD7nQy"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YW4wdUskoocOAwxuatBcuFsWn1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[i:]=“一”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HgwEd26sEoK8kaxa0MKcjHMRnRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[?]：[?]开口要比[i:]稍大，注意比较两图口型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MSyYdOwSUo0k2axkAtYc5sddnbB"},,"attrs":{"height":150,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/424933217c51464b98439d52a906dc79","width":313},"text":"","id":"XAeYdY8kMoOcUmx8IcRck6D9n7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[e]嘴张45°，[?]嘴张90°","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeQGdy2Smou2O6xURCZcVp3Lnae"},,"attrs":{"height":145,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6672fd2298724d35a280bead538ac3ae","width":306},"text":"","id":"RmM4dISSQoAMIcxygd5cxr6HnOe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[?:r][?r]=“二”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TSo6dKsSWo2GYcxZjETc9G1GnDG"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[?]=额（不卷舌）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HMsmdKmyKoAssoxAzOdc7OWnntg"},,"attrs":{"height":169,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/23669fa681c94516b68dbd7dfbeacb30","width":287},"text":"","id":"Fo6QduWAwokykix49KRcfCJmnof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[?]：开口比“啊”略小","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BGsmdsW6woUimYxOwpucaftfnNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɑ:r]=卷舌的“啊”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T4q6dQqcMo8UY4x6uROcurTungg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Yc4mdmGSQow40gxqCAGcOvvinBd"},,"attrs":{"height":158,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4a325dcff9bf444c93f02a661b7eb1dc","width":288},"text":"","id":"YI2udUmcEoUO2axUffDc55c0n5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɑ]=“啊”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOUkd82oyoSQK2xGU3Yc38ITngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[?]=开口稍大的“哦”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BY4wdeQqqoy6C6xqo3wc8LQdnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[?:r]=卷舌的“哦”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VieGd4caOoI2eIxKk63cHfKcnEh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/47f4542a00f04f7aae6be6656657cf8c","width":114},"text":"","id":"IE8cdeAC4oMySuxgcAocFfSanZ3"},,"attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/710b04be027845d7be2106e9bbeb33a3","width":104},"text":"","id":"XmK2diS0YoCssGx8z5CcCyTSnad"},,"attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/710b04be027845d7be2106e9bbeb33a3","width":104},"text":"","id":"XmK2diS0YoCssGx8z5CcCyTSnad"},,"attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/89ec169b38a04ab99190b396206e9400","width":98},"text":"","id":"UyMSdui2WoASQExMfVZcTvLqnrd"}],"text":"","id":"T8sYd4Wu8oaAOIxMxS7cIc9snLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[u:]核心：双唇由半开微突，过渡到合嘴圆唇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8sYd4Wu8oaAOIxMxS7cIc9snLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[?]发成噘嘴的[?],气流向外。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4EUdoaeCoGgg2xA94WcKc7XnVg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGS8duyAEoSGqgxas3DcrumNnog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音较简单，大多数可进行类比，注意双元音的重音在第一个音标，即前一个音读的稍重，后一个音读的较轻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ww4IdocgUoaaeAxYJjwcra66neh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[e?]=“A”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TciidSSSmoKY6MxOmfycHajin1A"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[a?]=“I”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QyWEdEi4eo0WC4xYBXWcKXKJn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[??]=“O”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OaqodkkAWoIIwixUvLJciK9Dnbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type"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4楼腰线房怎么装修

如果对于房屋不太了解的人来说，买房的时候很少会考虑腰线层的问题，只会注意楼层是否适合，那么不小心就会买到腰线层的房子，腰线房装修的时候需要先了解清楚房子的优缺点才能针对装修。

腰线房优缺点

腰线房的特点还是比较明显的，好的地方在于可以保温隔热，腰线房是有一块地方凸出来的，在一定程度上隔离了夏天的热空气与冬天的冷空气，这就相当于有了一层保温层。缺点主要在于采光不理想，而且房子容易出现渗水的情况。

优点

1、保温

腰线层能够起到保温的作用，因为这一层选择的是隔热保温的材料，就相当于增加了一层保温层，冬天的时候就能够起到保温的效果，开启暖气设备、空调之后，温度都比较高，能够达到节能环保的作用。

2、增加使用面积

因为有一部分是向外凸出来的，将室内的空间得到延伸，这样使用面积就会比较大。

缺点

1、影响采光

因为这一楼层当中有了腰线的存在，这个腰线在房屋的外层当中，主要是起到装饰的效果。但是就会占用窗户的面积，楼层比较低，采光本身就不是特别理想。再加上设置这半堵墙，采光性能就会大受影响，我们在装修的时候，如果阳台没有承重墙，可以征得物业同意敲掉阳台，改成落地窗，如果物业不同意改装只能在光线不足的地方添加光源。

2、存在安全隐患

因为向外突出了一个比较宽的平台，楼层本身就比较低，很可能孩子不知道就会在上面行走，会增加危险，或者给小偷提供入市的方便，针对这块，我们可以加装防盗窗，这样会比较安全。

3、渗水问题。

腰线层一般平台比较宽，如果防水没有做到位，容易发生通过窗户往墙里面渗水的问题。

装修方法

在装修前需要测量一下腰线的深度（测量外墙到腰线外侧的距离）。如果深度不足10cm，便可以不用管它，这种腰线基本上不会造成影响。如果腰线深度超过了10cm，可以在装修时做以下几件事。

准备防水材料

准备装修的时候，需要提前备好防水卷材、防水涂料等材料，便于后面装修的时候不用手忙脚乱。

防水卷材

防水卷材是一种可卷曲的片状防水材料。

购买防水卷材要求：有良好的耐水性，对温度变化的稳定性(高温下不流淌、不起泡；低温下不脆裂)，有一定的机械强度、延伸性和抗断裂性，要有一定的柔韧性和抗老化性等。

防水涂料

防水涂料是指涂料形成的涂膜能够防止雨水或地下水渗漏的一种涂料。

市场上在售的防水涂料名称各式各样，选购防水涂料要考虑涂料的性质，涂料上一般都会标注是通用型、柔韧型。

做好防水

窗户做好防水

窗户周围、腰线顶部刷上防水材料，能防止连通到窗户下面渗水，同时窗户做好密封和排水措施。

窗户密封的时候，要把窗户周围的水泥刮干净，再在窗户的外延打上玻璃胶，进行防水的二次加固，这样防水性最好。

墙面防水

腰线层的那面墙装修的时候，不要急着刮腻子，需要先将基层处理平整，事先在墙面上粉刷防水材料增加防水层，然后在防水层的基础上再刮腻子，最后铺贴墙纸或者是刷乳胶漆

1、处理基层，先要将外墙一侧的涂料层铲除，只能露出水泥层。对准备好的材料进行搅拌，水泥砂浆进行找平。防水涂料的涂刷与地面基层状况有很大关系，基层越不平整，使用的涂料就越多。因此，在涂刷防水涂料之前，最好将基层进行简单处理，尽量将基层处理平整。

2、为提高防水卷材与基层粘结性，可用底层涂料反复涂刷，涂刷均匀覆盖完全，充分渗入混凝土基层，以提高粘结强度和抗剪切强度，这一层叫做防水保护层。

3、防水保护层干燥后，把墙体表面污渍、泥土清理干净，然后刷上两层的防水材料，厚度应该要控制在3到4毫米，一定要刷涂均匀，才不会出现漏刷或者脱落现象。

防水卷材施工要点：

1、防水卷材铺贴应采用满铺法，胶粘剂涂刷在基层面上应均匀，不露底，不堆积；胶粘剂涂刷后应随即铺贴卷材，防止时间过长影响粘结质量。

2、铺贴防水卷材不得起皱折，不得用力拉伸卷材，边铺贴边排除卷材下面的空气和多余的胶粘剂，保证卷材与基层面以及各层卷材之间粘结密实。

3、铺贴防水卷材的搭接宽度不得小于100mm。

4、上下两层和相邻两幅卷材接缝应错开三分之一幅度。

防水涂料施工要点

1、应在5℃以上的温度条件下施工，预计24h内降水不宜施工。

2、涂刷应横竖交叉进行，间隔时间为4h。

3、涂层如有特殊要求，可考虑增加面层涂刷遍数。

4、施工时，空气湿度特别大，气温低，干燥时间应适当延长。

5、如施工工地温度较高，拌料时可适当增加水量，以降低施工粘度。

墙面粉刷

墙面防水做好后就要开始粉刷墙面，可以选用乳胶漆这种材料。

乳胶漆优点

1、涂抹干燥快：乳胶漆施涂后，随着水分的蒸发，干燥成膜。再合适的气候条件下，乳胶漆干燥比较快，一般4h左右可重涂，一天可以施涂二至三道。

2、透气性好：乳胶漆是通过水分蒸发，乳胶粒子变形融合成膜，因此具有很好的透气性。

3、耐水性好：乳胶漆是单组份水性涂料，施工时可用水稀释，但其干燥后成膜后，涂膜不溶于水，具有很好的耐水性。

施工流程

1、清洁墙面

只有墙面清洁进行的彻底，后续的工作才能更加顺利的进行。墙面除了要保持平整无灰、不起砂之外，还应该保证干燥。

2、刮腻子并磨平

刮腻子的主要目的是为了填补墙面上的不平整之处，从而使墙面变得更加光滑。刮腻子一般要进行两次。只有在这一步充分达到标准，刷漆过程才能进行的更加顺利，装修的质量也会大大提高，此项需要根据墙面的平整度来确定遍数，通常批刮两遍打磨平整即可。

3、首次涂刷涂料

涂料一般也是要涂刷两次，每一次都刷涂料都要保证平整均匀，而且涂刷的速度要尽量快，不要拖泥带水，以免还没有刷平油漆已经干了，这样就会导致墙面不平，影响美观。

4、打磨光滑

油漆刷好之后，为了能够让墙面看起来更加平整光滑，还需要进行必要的打磨，从而消除墙面上出现的细小缺陷。

5、再次涂刷涂料

第二次进行涂刷涂料，也就证明装修油漆施工工艺已经接近尾声了，这次的涂刷要比之前更加仔细认真，尤其是阴角处，对于使用手刷这种方式来说，更要拿捏好力度。

利用窗台

腰线层外面窗台向外延伸一定面积，我们可以将其利用起来，比如装修成功能房或者放花草植物点缀起来，或者把窗台直接改造成落地窗，但是进行这种结构改造需要考虑承重墙的问题，如果阳台没有承重墙才可以敲掉，而且这项改造还需要征求物业的同意，改装的时候提前检查腰围是否开裂，以免后期容易漏水。

腰线层一大突出特点为阳台，合理改善可利用好优点弱化缺点，如可改落地窗，可以安装塑钢窗可防尘、保暖，防腰线积灰尘土；也可以改造成封闭式阳台、书房、洗衣房、榻榻米休息区等。

一般情况下，尽量不要随意改变腰围腰线，以免破坏建筑外部的防水结构墙，如果改造不好，反而会产生潜在风险，比如墙体开裂、漏水等情况。

1、封闭阳台的时候可以使用玻璃这种透光材料，这样不会影响光线，然后把突出的阳台装修成洗衣房，之前经过了良好的防水处理，打造成洗衣房是很适合的。

2、可以摆放绿植，装修成茶室，在闲暇时刻跟家人或者朋友坐在阳台喝茶谈天，也很不错。

装修流程

房屋设计

装修房子需要从设计开始。首先要让设计师对家里的整个居室有个详细了解，并将自身的想法和意见和他们沟通清楚，这样才能拥有一个良好的设计方案，我们也可以提前选好设计风格，让设计进行设计。另外在设计图出来后，也需进行一次核对，将不满意的地方提出整理与修改。

家装风格分类

1、欧式风格

欧式风格主要有法式、意大利、西班牙、北欧、英式、地中海等风格，这是随着历史文化潮流而形成的强烈、独特的风格，这指的的是欧洲每个国家所展现的强烈的传统文化内涵。

2、田园乡村风格

田园乡村风格是一种推崇自然的地方装饰风格。结合了自然将乡土风味形成了一种清新的空间形式，是慵懒放松的家居体现。材质上采用天然石、木、竹、藤等材质，布艺多采用花卉图案为主，整体色彩以乳白色、白色、粉色、天然木色等以淡暖色系为主，线条也比较简洁。

3、中式风格

中式风格以中国古典建筑为装饰的室内设计艺术风格，给人一种壮丽华贵、气势恢弘之感，装饰主要以木材为原料，多用对称手法。图案有龙、凤、龟、狮等吉兽。中式风格造价大多比较高，精雕细琢、瑰丽奇巧的风格深受成功人士的喜爱。

4、现代简约风格

现代简约风格造价相对低一些，同时家装风格顺应了当今快节奏的生活，简约而不简单的个性风。虽摆设较少，但对材质要求极高，每件家具摆放位置都经过深思熟虑，做到多功能的利用空间。

主体拆改

从这一步开始，装修就进入到施工阶段。主体拆改就是按照设计方案，先把工地的框架搭起来。主要包括拆墙、砌墙、铲墙皮、更换门窗等等。

装修流程

1、在进行主体拆改之前首选要做的就是准备好图纸，一定要按照图纸规划进行改造工程，没有图纸的话就等于是没有做好规划拆改工作，在这种情况下不适合进行拆改工程，因此拆改图纸是必不可少的一部分。

2、在主体拆改的过程中原材料的去留也是一个大问题，这在拆改前期就需要最好必须的准备，例如原来的腻子如果是防水的就可以不用铲除了，其他可以直接使用的材料也可以保留下来，这样可以有效回收利用并且可以节省开支。

3、在进行墙体拆改的时候要注意，应该严格按照图纸指示进行拆墙、砌墙工作。

4、铲地皮，有暖气的拆掉暖气，换塑钢窗。

5、在拆改结束后会留下大量垃圾，这时需要施工队员清理垃圾以便进行下一步操作。

注意事项

1、在主体拆改的过程中首先要注意的是，承重墙不可拆除，根据我国相关法律条文规定，拆改承重墙是不合法的，承重墙是作为承受上一层楼层重量的主体部分，盲目拆除的话，可能会给房屋带来濒临倒塌的危险。

2、在混凝土中的门框不要盲目拆除，如果强制拆除的话可能会导致墙体倒塌的情况出现。

3、阳台上有矮墙的话不要拆除，否则可能会导致塌陷，如果影响美观，可以另行设计安排。

4、在拆除的过程中应该要注意的是，线路应该提前关闭好，对于隐藏在墙体中的线路要多加留意，提前关闭电闸是非常有必要的，避免不小心触碰导致触电危险。

5、居室中有些地面都是有防水层的，若是将防水层破坏的话，很容易使楼下的住户变成“水帘洞”。因此，业主在装修地面的时候需要注意的是，不要将地面防水层破坏，若是不小心破坏了的话，切记一定要重新做防水工程，并且做完后要经过“48小时渗水实验”后，如果不漏水，才算合格。

6、还有燃气管道的拆改也是要慎重的，若是居民或装修人员私自拆改燃气管道、包封燃气阀门很容易造成燃气泄漏。因为，燃气管道被包封起来，气体泄漏将很难会被发现，并且气体一旦泄露的话很不容易扩散。并且在使用的时候，也没有专业的安全监测，一旦遇见明火的话必然会引起爆炸的情况发生。

水电气改造

水电改造是装修中重要的工程部分，很多生活中房子会出现的问题都是水电工程不达标留下的隐患。所以对于这部分的施工一定要慎之又慎，避免后期出现不必要的麻烦。另外在操作完成后，也要做好防水的相关工作，这样后期的隐患也会减轻不少。

可以根据设计师的水电施工图纸进行水电改造。

水电改造方法

1、把关在装修的时候业主要对自己家里的布局有个全局的想法，要弄清楚家里的家具大概放什么地方，哪里放什么电器，多大的都要考虑好，这样有规划的做水电改造是很关键的，要不然会浪费很多人力物力，在设计的时候装修公司会为你出很多方案。

2、买材料的时候要看是不是正规的厂家生产的合格产品，现在的水电品牌多如牛毛，业主在装修的时候不知道什么牌子，什么规格的比较好，最好是对这方面的知识有些了解，要不然让装修公司去买的话以次充好，那就得不偿失了。

3、在进场的时候要对装修材料进行核实，看看是不是质量合格的材料，要不然装修好了就不好核实了，还有就是要对工作人员核实，看看他们是否具有水电暖施工资质，确认后才能让他们施工。

4、水电改造施工好后，要对施工的每一处细节要仔细的验收，水路验收的时候看水改是不是用金属管卡固定的，距离不能过大，浴室的出水口是不是左热右冷，距离是否达标，接口是不是水平。水电路线不能在同一槽内，每个下水口都要进行通水试验。必须要进行打压试验，时间压力要标准。

水电改造要点

1、首先要确定洗澡是要站着洗还是躺着洗，用浴盆还是淋浴，尺寸要多大，卫生间能不能容得下这个尺寸，这些问题都是要影响水路的上下水设计和电路的插座位置的。

2、若是选择安装淋浴是安装淋浴房还是装浴帘，是否要安装底座，附近是否有地漏，出水口大概在什么位置。

3、淋浴的出水口常规设计是左热右冷，两管之间的间距要保持15cm。因为目前市面上售卖的支架式淋浴龙头比较多，这样的淋浴龙头对于出水口的间距及尺寸要求比较严格。首先要保证两个出水口的水平高度一致，还要保证两个出水口在同一水平面上。还要特别注意一点就是出水口不能设置在腰线的位置，高度也要根据家庭成员的平均身高来确定。

4、二手房厨卫改造可能还涉及到地漏的移动和增加个数的问题。移动地漏需要注意一定要抬高地面，若是要安装深水封地漏，那么地面至少上抬10cm以上，可以采用局部地面抬高或是整体地面抬高的方式。在更换地漏时要注意一点，普通地漏不能作为洗衣机地漏，会出现返水现象。

5、坐便器移位也是卫生间拆改会遇到的问题，但切记坐便器移动的距离不能超过10cm,否则坐便器会下水不畅，容易堵。若是一定要移动坐便器的位置，那么就要从楼下改管移动马桶下水。

6、浴霸用风暖的还是灯暖的涉及到电路改造，因为灯暖的浴霸一般是要连5根电线，而风暖的浴霸的电线数一般是3-8根，具体看你选择什么样的型号了。

厨房水电

厨房要预留净水机的电源、进水口、排污管道，电源一般留在进水口旁边。厨房要使用燃气热水器的，要预留燃气热水器的进、出水管，一般选择靠窗户的位置，离地1.5米高，旁边预留插座。

燃气表旁边预留插座，电子燃气表需要电源；厨房操作台上方要装一排插座，供电饭煲、小家电使用，一般预留3-5个插座，高度1.2米；冰箱要在离地面0.5米到1米之间设置插座，因为冰箱在使用中等30厘米的位置是释放热量的空间，所以安装时要避免这些位置。

阳台水电

阳台水电比较简单，阳台洗衣机预留冷水管，阳台洗手盆预留冷热水管。洗衣机电源预留高度在40公分。顶部预留智能晾衣架电源。

卫生间水电

卫生间改造的时候需要注意的比较多。

水路：洗脸盆的冷热水口2个、留热水器的进水口和出水口各1个、坐便器或蹲厕水箱接口1个、淋浴区地漏1个，如果洗衣机放卫生间，也要给洗衣机预留地漏1个。冷热水管也要保持一定的距离，否则会影响水管的保温效果，洗澡时需要等很久才有热水。一般水管铺设时，左热右冷，间距是15厘米。

水管管道走完后要进行试水打压试验，再做防水处理。地漏安装完后马上冲水，因为担心安装过程中有水泥掉在下水管道中，时间长了受潮凝固，导致下水道不通。在卫生间墙面安装其它卫浴产品五金等，切记安装前要查阅水路电路存档照片，避开墙上的水管和电路。

电路：就算安装的是普通马桶，也要在旁边预留插座，方便业主以后安装智能马桶。预留热水器的进、出水管及电源，燃气和电的随便选择，都预留好。浴室柜旁边预留插座、浴室柜上面1.8米高预留电源，镜前灯使用。注意：卫生间要使用4mm2的铜芯线。水管尽量走顶，这样既方便做防水也方便以后检修。

客厅卧室水电

客厅卧室主要是要处理电路，要留意这些：客厅灯卧室灯要改成双控；客厅预留灯带、筒灯的开关及电源，开关一般放在电视墙。电视墙电源一般留4-5个，高度在35公分，预留弱电，电视墙预留50管，挂电视时隐藏电线。在沙发的左右两边预留电源，以备手机充电，高度在40公分左右。卧室床头柜的插座抬高到60公分，方便插拔。书桌下预留多排插座。一般客厅空调一组回路，卧室空调每2台一组回路。如果业主家安装了新风或电热地暖，也要为它们准备专用回路。

室内整体装修

室内整体装修包括木工、泥瓦工、油漆工的装修。

木工作为一道繁杂的工序，也可当作是主体修改的关键环节来对待，与水电路的改良并不冲突，有时可能还需要一些配合。木工是为业主完成房屋装修过程中的各项木质工程的工种，其人工费用占到整个家装工程人工费用的40-60%不等。目前市场上比较常规的木工定制产品有：成品套装门、定制衣柜、定制书柜、定制橱柜、定制移门等。

泥瓦工序就是大家关心的贴瓷砖这一步骤，以及墙面、地面的基层处理和各区域防水工程。这项面子工程是否有好的施工质量不但直接影响到整体装修的外观是否整洁美观，而且防水质量直接关系到业主入住后的居住质量。

油漆工程一般是硬装即将结束的标志了，包含墙体表面处理、批腻子、砂纸打磨、刷底涂、刷涂料等步骤。油漆工程是面子工程，如果油漆工艺做的不好的话，就会留下入住后的困扰，如墙面开裂、掉漆等。所以一定要去注意施工工艺以及工艺原则，不遵守这些步骤的话就会影响家装质量了。

具体步骤

水电工完成之后，一般是先做木工，对其家里的石膏板等吊顶，电视背景墙以及家里需要打柜子的制作。

客厅吊顶

安装客厅天花板之前，必须绘制天花板的尺寸，然后设置好天花板上的位置，用冲击钻钻洞，最后用固定的膨胀螺丝的大龙骨（木质骨架称为龙骨）。然后，将地板上的骨架固定到天花板上，使用方形条作为固定柱，水平和水平固定骨架，并根据图纸的大小切割多余的骨架，下一步是固定石膏板。建议使用十字架将石膏板固定在天花板上并用螺丝固定。有必要去除剩余的石膏板。这个屋顶差不多完了。

住宅客厅吊顶的石膏板固定后，可以进行装饰。例如，在干墙的凹槽中施加纱布以避免收缩和开裂。将装饰线固定在天花板的边缘，最后放上腻子粉或其他装饰材料。漂亮的天花板就做好了。

电视背景墙

制作电视背景墙需要选择合适的材质，不同的材质所营造的效果不同，然后根据既定的材质，考虑背景墙是侧重实用还是侧重装饰。

可以采用大理石雕刻出的角线做造型，然后中间贴瓷砖用瓷砖贴出造型花样。这种造型一般都是与客厅的地砖造型相呼应的。客厅使用大理石来装饰能瞬间提前档次和品质，而且时尚的质感能体现出来，大理石面的不规则花纹，原生态的自然效果也是让人喜欢的另一面。

还有一种做法就是用文化石做背景墙，人造文化石一般具有环保节能，质量轻的优点。其古朴，极具造型感，被年轻人所青睐。由于是用作电视墙，瓷砖尽量选用柔光砖，表面光反射没有亮光砖强烈，看电视时开灯也不会有光反射。铺贴方式也同普通砖一样简单，价格也是地砖价格经济实惠。

定制家具

如果室内面积比较小，可以考虑选择定制家具。

目前，市场上已经出现一大批的定制家具企业。这些企业在大规模生产的基础上，将每位消费者视为一个单独的细分市场，满足单个消费者的个性需求。目前，多采用定制形式的家具主要有整体衣柜、整体书柜、整体橱柜、步入式衣帽间、入墙衣柜等。

定制家具的流程

1、一般情况下设计师会跟业主提前沟通一下，了解一下业主的想法以及生活方式。

2、带业主参观样品展厅，考察产品工艺和生产制作流程，交流家居配置风格需求，根据会谈详细记录分析，与业主约定初步配套方案面谈时间。

3、完成上面两步之后要做的是上门初步测量工作，确定好家居的尺寸以及摆放的位置，之后要做的就是进行多全方位的准确测量工作，精准测算出家居的尺寸以及占地面积和摆放布局等情况。

4、设计师会根据现场测量的实际结果绘制出基本的家具设计图，然后跟业主沟通之后就可以初步确定设计方案了。

5、面谈进行方案磋商，并进行调整终达到业主满意。

6、在家具的生产制作过程中应该随时与业主保持沟通，所采用的材料以及颜色要及时告知业主，有异议的话应该及时沟通调整。

客厅定制家具：可以根据需求定制电视柜和储物柜。

卧室定制家具：定制衣柜、床头柜

房间的整体定制：定制飘窗、榻榻米、书柜。

阳台定制家具：洗衣柜、储物柜。

厨房定制家具橱柜。

贴瓷砖

在我们木工完成之后，就可以进泥瓦工了，泥瓦工主要包含的就是大理石窗台，过门石，地漏以及瓷砖等安装。

贴瓷砖需要先准备好工具：瓷砖、拉线、水、混浆、泥砂。

1、对铺贴的墙体表面进行处理，清除表面污物。并洒水湿润，然后用水泥砂浆混合找平。

2、将墙砖完全置于清水中，一般三十分钟就可以了，随后取出，晾干水渍待用。

3、根据设计铺贴图样的要求，确定排砖方案。在干爽的找平层上拉上标线，让瓷砖在一个垂直面上。

4、铺贴釉面墙砖选择水泥型号425，砂子以中砂为好。水泥和砂子按1:3的比例加水搅拌成糊状备用。

5、在墙面上喷足够的水，在砖背面均匀抹上水泥砂浆。砂浆厚度以5mm-6mm为宜，用木锤轻轻拍牢，并随时用水平尺找平。

6、在瓷砖铺贴完成后，使用专用的瓷砖勾缝剂进行勾缝就可以了。

刷墙面漆

油漆工进场，主要是对墙面的一些基层处理及乳胶漆的涂刷等，还有就是一些需要上油漆的家具进行上漆。那大家要注意的是，墙面如果要贴壁纸的话，一定要叫油漆工在墙面上做基层处理。

墙面刷漆都要针对墙面做基层处理，让墙面尽量保持平整。然后再均匀的刮一遍腻子，在腻子干透后，用粗砂纸进行抛光。最后就可以抹涂料了，可以抹两层涂料，尽量均匀不得漏涂！

到这一步油漆工完成之后，整个装修的硬装基本上就完成了。以上都是一些装修的施工环节，而施工环节之后，我们还要进行一些安装环节。

厨卫吊顶

厨卫吊顶是所有安装环节的第一个环节。在我们安装橱柜的时候，我们一定要将其防潮吸顶灯、排风扇（浴霸）应该已经买好了。这样可以一起安装完成。

橱柜安装

厨卫间的吊顶结束后，我们就可以约橱柜的商家上门安装橱柜了。一般安装橱柜最快就一天时间就完成了。

在我们安装橱柜的时候，我们也可以将已买的水槽，灶台等送货上门安装了，然后一起进行安装。在这里大王就强调一点，燃气一定要提前开通好，因为安装完之后要进行试气的。

装修木门

橱柜安装完之后，下一步就要进行室内门安装了，注意一点的是，室内门要是定制的话，那一定要提前一个月定制，一般安装时间就一天时间。

开关插座灯具

壁纸贴完之后，我们就要进行开关，插座以及灯具的安装，那在此之前，我们一定要根据水电工给到的开关，插座、灯具数量进行提前购买好。

五金安装

五金安装部分，这里主要指的是一些水龙头，卫浴挂件以及洁具、阳台的晾衣架等等安装。在这里提醒大家，五金一定要购买好的，不然后期很容易坏掉，一旦坏了，后期更换非常的麻烦然而我们安装完上下水管件。水龙头，角阀等一定要进行开关测试，看看是否有漏水的问题。

开荒保洁

装修到上一步就全部完成了，接下来我们就要对其全屋彻底的清洁打扫了。

新房的开荒保洁是一项大工程，但如果选择好相应的工具就能够事半功倍。在开荒保洁的时候经常会利用到以下这些工具：例如大型吸尘吸水机，例如多功能擦地机，例如玻璃套装工具，例如加长杆等，还有梯子，水桶，还有铲刀等。

准备好相应的保洁工具，这样才能够更好的进行保洁工作。

除了要准备好相应的工具之外，也应该准备好相应的药剂。准备的药剂一般用以下这些：例如全能清洗剂，例如玻璃清洗剂，例如瓷砖清洗剂，例如陶瓷美缝剂，例如去胶剂，例如除渍剂，例如酸性清洁剂，例如洁厕灵，例如不锈钢清洗剂，例如不锈钢光亮剂，例如家私蜡等。

开荒保洁的时候，开荒保洁的顺序也很重要。

首先应该清理现场留下的装修垃圾，之后由上到下全面除尘。

在清洗玻璃的时候，应该先用毛巾把玻璃框架擦拭干净，之后再用玻璃水溶液，从上到下涂抹玻璃，这样可以将顽固的污渍清除。

房子打扫感觉后我们需要把窗户打开，让室内空气流动，这样可以让空气中的有害物质挥发出去。比如甲醛，也可以购买绿萝，放在室内吸收甲醛。

窗户装修

我们买回来的房子一般是钢化玻璃，所以轻易不要换窗户玻璃，除非是有特殊要求的，那么才需要改装窗户，改装也需要选择大品牌，这样质量才会比较好。

如果房内的采光特别不好，必须改造窗户，那么我们可以改造成断桥铝窗，这种窗户比较结实。

在安装窗户的时候有两点非常重要，大家可以参考一下：

1、窗框铆定过程中，切忌在隔热条上固定，隔热条的强度有限，无法经受常年风压、自重等内外部作用力影响，而且隔热条一旦被打穿，窗户就不是断桥窗了，金属固定件连接了冷热桥，窗户的隔热性能因此丧失；

2、安装师傅一定要做好安全措施，消费者要和商家做好安全责任划分，窗户安装涉及高空作业，特种作业一旦发生相关安全生产事故，业主也会有法律风险。

窗户的装修完成后，我们还需要加装防盗窗和安装窗帘，防盗窗可以选用铝合金的，这样质量比较好，剩下的就是装修窗帘了，我们可以把买好的窗帘直接拿出来安装。

家具、家电进场

完成基础装修后就开始安装家具家电了，可以把购买的沙发、床铺、冰箱、电视机等家具家电安装摆放在合适的地方。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果对于房屋不太了解的人来说，买房的时候很少会考虑腰线层的问题，只会注意楼层是否适合，那么不小心就会买到腰线层的房子，腰线房装修的时候需要先了解清楚房子的优缺点才能针对装修。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MoaudmaSuo4KC0xUZWOcbi7NnWe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"腰线房优缺点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Se8id66qIoiCUUxwFu8cxoFKnOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"腰线房的特点还是比较明显的，好的地方在于可以保温隔热，腰线房是有一块地方凸出来的，在一定程度上隔离了夏天的热空气与冬天的冷空气，这就相当于有了一层保温层。缺点主要在于采光不理想，而且房子容易出现渗水的情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HYWcdkasWo64MOxGKGdcpn2VnZg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"优点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UEAydYqMKoOOK8xySEHcVECbnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、保温","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M6S8dAYYeoQAIMxEzhhcoyoAnUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"腰线层能够起到保温的作用，因为这一层选择的是隔热保温的材料，就相当于增加了一层保温层，冬天的时候就能够起到保温的效果，开启暖气设备、空调之后，温度都比较高，能够达到节能环保的作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OYmOdk66MoQSycxEtmFcfrALnxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、增加使用面积","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EsQ2dQEusowwYOxyY3wc1lJxnUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因为有一部分是向外凸出来的，将室内的空间得到延伸，这样使用面积就会比较大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X22ydwMwGokcOox6xNOcm0kcnke"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"缺点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bqmyd4ii4omwOCx4f0Ac6qglnJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、影响采光","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OCisdG2WAoQgIyxwnTecqaB8nke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因为这一楼层当中有了腰线的存在，这个腰线在房屋的外层当中，主要是起到装饰的效果。但是就会占用窗户的面积，楼层比较低，采光本身就不是特别理想。再加上设置这半堵墙，采光性能就会大受影响，我们在装修的时候，如果阳台没有承重墙，可以征得物业同意敲掉阳台，改成落地窗，如果物业不同意改装只能在光线不足的地方添加光源。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OyEYdUSciosEKexWyn8cPzoYnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、存在安全隐患","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kg6SdyY0Moogg6x7QTocCpJqncp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因为向外突出了一个比较宽的平台，楼层本身就比较低，很可能孩子不知道就会在上面行走，会增加危险，或者给小偷提供入市的方便，针对这块，我们可以加装防盗窗，这样会比较安全。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BuoKdI2EWocaCmxYLyvcitLHngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、渗水问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JcwYd2EMMomiOSxUhw8cyItmnXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"腰线层一般平台比较宽，如果防水没有做到位，容易发生通过窗户往墙里面渗水的问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HAIodekCWoY2gcxWTZOcgNV0n1k"},,"attrs":{"height":414,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"缺点","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fecb78e5382940cab3a5b76dcd3a13c6","width":1071},"text":"","id":"TAwudSkuIoiYC2xqW9vcGgZTnNb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A4MQdOwcWooU0Yx2LDlcH3VLnGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在装修前需要测量一下腰线的深度（测量外墙到腰线外侧的距离）。如果深度不足10cm，便可以不用管它，这种腰线基本上不会造成影响。如果腰线深度超过了10cm，可以在装修时做以下几件事。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JMeAd68WOosAKcx6nqucE0Lfnud"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"准备防水材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HEwgdqWKIoKCusxcx3Zc5ENynwb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"准备装修的时候，需要提前备好防水卷材、防水涂料等材料，便于后面装修的时候不用手忙脚乱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ICQcdgUcuoESuYxSaV1caOY9njh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水卷材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JS4Qd6U8eo8ykGx6hbkcNgh2nxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水卷材是一种可卷曲的片状防水材料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DGeCdMU4goiUWaxuA8kcm6kEnAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"购买防水卷材要求：有良好的耐水性，对温度变化的稳定性(高温下不流淌、不起泡；低温下不脆裂)，有一定的机械强度、延伸性和抗断裂性，要有一定的柔韧性和抗老化性等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S4OAdCKwSoyiIsxWfRbc24vZnkb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水涂料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EC68dkC6Yo8AAqxK03pcL7ApnKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水涂料是指涂料形成的涂膜能够防止雨水或地下水渗漏的一种涂料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WmYcdak0YoqEakxi6LScKLXTnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"市场上在售的防水涂料名称各式各样，选购防水涂料要考虑涂料的性质，涂料上一般都会标注是通用型、柔韧型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fc0idwOKYoC4eyxmwqgcqXFTnSd"},,"attrs":{"height":369,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"防水涂料","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fb4e7b11ece84235972b0cb58960ee85","width":725},"text":"","id":"XQQ8dCYAKowGyQxinkicEgnDnjb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"做好防水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VoqEd8uCyos80Ex4E56cEAD0nDc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗户做好防水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZAC4d2GSwog6ecxOQzdcw7ubnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗户周围、腰线顶部刷上防水材料，能防止连通到窗户下面渗水，同时窗户做好密封和排水措施。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TWIedEugGoYEmOxaUugcXW7enRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗户密封的时候，要把窗户周围的水泥刮干净，再在窗户的外延打上玻璃胶，进行防水的二次加固，这样防水性最好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dm2QdYAeUoKs2qxq0E1cVDgInt5"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"leve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,"id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ed4dac2e6dd4bf79695dcd893f9c5f1","width":960},"text":"","id":"Vqo6dcSicocI4UxaodNcKqOVnWb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8gsdeOGKoUkc4xAHIScmtGqnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、在进行主体拆改之前首选要做的就是准备好图纸，一定要按照图纸规划进行改造工程，没有图纸的话就等于是没有做好规划拆改工作，在这种情况下不适合进行拆改工程，因此拆改图纸是必不可少的一部分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QswydOAIyoogWCxKCvEc4SMenJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在主体拆改的过程中原材料的去留也是一个大问题，这在拆改前期就需要最好必须的准备，例如原来的腻子如果是防水的就可以不用铲除了，其他可以直接使用的材料也可以保留下来，这样可以有效回收利用并且可以节省开支。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D8CydGaaMoKSMWxELrEcVmpLnye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在进行墙体拆改的时候要注意，应该严格按照图纸指示进行拆墙、砌墙工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rsccd6oQeok8IExUTZWcxvtsnrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、铲地皮，有暖气的拆掉暖气，换塑钢窗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jo2gdWcuyoQgS4xwVYscbrMrnee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、在拆改结束后会留下大量垃圾，这时需要施工队员清理垃圾以便进行下一步操作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D4CAdmGu2oCgqoxQFRTcTNcDncg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T0audGsWCo26UQxqOS5cVBcGn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、在主体拆改的过程中首先要注意的是，承重墙不可拆除，根据我国相关法律条文规定，拆改承重墙是不合法的，承重墙是作为承受上一层楼层重量的主体部分，盲目拆除的话，可能会给房屋带来濒临倒塌的危险。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BWqSduo84oMKwQxCYEwcndh1nHg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在混凝土中的门框不要盲目拆除，如果强制拆除的话可能会导致墙体倒塌的情况出现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WaEudCSesogawWxGUz3c3Kt7nvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、阳台上有矮墙的话不要拆除，否则可能会导致塌陷，如果影响美观，可以另行设计安排。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQU8d4KuUo68uaxySkZcB6zQnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、在拆除的过程中应该要注意的是，线路应该提前关闭好，对于隐藏在墙体中的线路要多加留意，提前关闭电闸是非常有必要的，避免不小心触碰导致触电危险。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LkQ6d2w0ioUseUxG4SRc7Sdin8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、居室中有些地面都是有防水层的，若是将防水层破坏的话，很容易使楼下的住户变成“水帘洞”。因此，业主在装修地面的时候需要注意的是，不要将地面防水层破坏，若是不小心破坏了的话，切记一定要重新做防水工程，并且做完后要经过“48小时渗水实验”后，如果不漏水，才算合格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ciy8duKcuoO4Eux2JYgc4Ah6nme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、还有燃气管道的拆改也是要慎重的，若是居民或装修人员私自拆改燃气管道、包封燃气阀门很容易造成燃气泄漏。因为，燃气管道被包封起来，气体泄漏将很难会被发现，并且气体一旦泄露的话很不容易扩散。并且在使用的时候，也没有专业的安全监测，一旦遇见明火的话必然会引起爆炸的情况发生。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GWaido22SokiIyxkHxvcfzcSnBV"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电气改造","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CCCEdGssgoQ80wxqI1Xc1WEYnge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电改造是装修中重要的工程部分，很多生活中房子会出现的问题都是水电工程不达标留下的隐患。所以对于这部分的施工一定要慎之又慎，避免后期出现不必要的麻烦。另外在操作完成后，也要做好防水的相关工作，这样后期的隐患也会减轻不少。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SSMMduaCwoGCEUxslDRcs6N3n6X"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以根据设计师的水电施工图纸进行水电改造。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TEIodwe2eooa0SxWEzUcrd7Vngc"},,"attrs":{"height":618,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"水电气改造","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/df7960afaf8443d6ab5c90c196eadeb0","width":858},"text":"","id":"MauqdAggAoW2USxC87NcUhmBnye"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电改造方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UYWmdwayyo0IEoxkTsgcyJPPnme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、把关在装修的时候业主要对自己家里的布局有个全局的想法，要弄清楚家里的家具大概放什么地方，哪里放什么电器，多大的都要考虑好，这样有规划的做水电改造是很关键的，要不然会浪费很多人力物力，在设计的时候装修公司会为你出很多方案。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TM6AdaemAouUscxA8OucyAN2nYy"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、买材料的时候要看是不是正规的厂家生产的合格产品，现在的水电品牌多如牛毛，业主在装修的时候不知道什么牌子，什么规格的比较好，最好是对这方面的知识有些了解，要不然让装修公司去买的话以次充好，那就得不偿失了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TG44dGYKUocsCkxkKr2c7Hv9n1s"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在进场的时候要对装修材料进行核实，看看是不是质量合格的材料，要不然装修好了就不好核实了，还有就是要对工作人员核实，看看他们是否具有水电暖施工资质，确认后才能让他们施工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DAQMdCwyWog2aSx8J2LcfRJan4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、水电改造施工好后，要对施工的每一处细节要仔细的验收，水路验收的时候看水改是不是用金属管卡固定的，距离不能过大，浴室的出水口是不是左热右冷，距离是否达标，接口是不是水平。水电路线不能在同一槽内，每个下水口都要进行通水试验。必须要进行打压试验，时间压力要标准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UcKOd2YucoEUqCxceDec08hjnOl"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电改造要点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GukkdeC4kok0qixEj9Gc4WjFnhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先要确定洗澡是要站着洗还是躺着洗，用浴盆还是淋浴，尺寸要多大，卫生间能不能容得下这个尺寸，这些问题都是要影响水路的上下水设计和电路的插座位置的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O6mcdgmQAoOU2oxSSfTcmLx9nWh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、若是选择安装淋浴是安装淋浴房还是装浴帘，是否要安装底座，附近是否有地漏，出水口大概在什么位置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MeQgdKSWso6KQmxUBkEc9qQznDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、淋浴的出水口常规设计是左热右冷，两管之间的间距要保持15cm。因为目前市面上售卖的支架式淋浴龙头比较多，这样的淋浴龙头对于出水口的间距及尺寸要求比较严格。首先要保证两个出水口的水平高度一致，还要保证两个出水口在同一水平面上。还要特别注意一点就是出水口不能设置在腰线的位置，高度也要根据家庭成员的平均身高来确定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gc8cdyAOeoueCWx6VHHc0Oj3nOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、二手房厨卫改造可能还涉及到地漏的移动和增加个数的问题。移动地漏需要注意一定要抬高地面，若是要安装深水封地漏，那么地面至少上抬10cm以上，可以采用局部地面抬高或是整体地面抬高的方式。在更换地漏时要注意一点，普通地漏不能作为洗衣机地漏，会出现返水现象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KM8md6QG4o80YQxmE9qcRowYnFc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、坐便器移位也是卫生间拆改会遇到的问题，但切记坐便器移动的距离不能超过10cm,否则坐便器会下水不畅，容易堵。若是一定要移动坐便器的位置，那么就要从楼下改管移动马桶下水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P22idsU4OoKWWsx0WxmceDVkn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、浴霸用风暖的还是灯暖的涉及到电路改造，因为灯暖的浴霸一般是要连5根电线，而风暖的浴霸的电线数一般是3-8根，具体看你选择什么样的型号了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AIaQdGGOGoaUKqxYBBuckTyjnQd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨房水电","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V2kcdoCKGoCMugxqy2vcjcgrnoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨房要预留净水机的电源、进水口、排污管道，电源一般留在进水口旁边。厨房要使用燃气热水器的，要预留燃气热水器的进、出水管，一般选择靠窗户的位置，离地1.5米高，旁边预留插座。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iya4d8EEkoGwcGxWUV2cZWSvnjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"燃气表旁边预留插座，电子燃气表需要电源；厨房操作台上方要装一排插座，供电饭煲、小家电使用，一般预留3-5个插座，高度1.2米；冰箱要在离地面0.5米到1米之间设置插座，因为冰箱在使用中等30厘米的位置是释放热量的空间，所以安装时要避免这些位置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A6ikdSW6KomIa6xs5PJcrgUvnRb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台水电","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LEWkdk48soiYASxcdvtcIuLJn4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台水电比较简单，阳台洗衣机预留冷水管，阳台洗手盆预留冷热水管。洗衣机电源预留高度在40公分。顶部预留智能晾衣架电源。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FYOadcgUioUCwgxCmHlcxmnonPf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"卫生间水电","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IOemdQScyouYw2x6KLJc1iYFncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"卫生间改造的时候需要注意的比较多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NEuyd0M8IoMoWQxE3YGc2ZeTnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"水路：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"洗脸盆的冷热水口2个、留热水器的进水口和出水口各1个、坐便器或蹲厕水箱接口1个、淋浴区地漏1个，如果洗衣机放卫生间，也要给洗衣机预留地漏1个。冷热水管也要保持一定的距离，否则会影响水管的保温效果，洗澡时需要等很久才有热水。一般水管铺设时，左热右冷，间距是15厘米。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HyQCdE2kUoYoUuxC8h9crjC7nod"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水管管道走完后要进行试水打压试验，再做防水处理。地漏安装完后马上冲水，因为担心安装过程中有水泥掉在下水管道中，时间长了受潮凝固，导致下水道不通。在卫生间墙面安装其它卫浴产品五金等，切记安装前要查阅水路电路存档照片，避开墙上的水管和电路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Twa4dKSGGoQCiSxEVqXcSjCYnke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"电路：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"就算安装的是普通马桶，也要在旁边预留插座，方便业主以后安装智能马桶。预留热水器的进、出水管及电源，燃气和电的随便选择，都预留好。浴室柜旁边预留插座、浴室柜上面1.8米高预留电源，镜前灯使用。注意：卫生间要使用4mm2的铜芯线。水管尽量走顶，这样既方便做防水也方便以后检修。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QisudqGmUo2syixqYnCcgt8In6g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅卧室水电","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EwCwdEeSIoMkUexSGb0cPrarnbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅卧室主要是要处理电路，要留意这些：客厅灯卧室灯要改成双控；客厅预留灯带、筒灯的开关及电源，开关一般放在电视墙。电视墙电源一般留4-5个，高度在35公分，预留弱电，电视墙预留50管，挂电视时隐藏电线。在沙发的左右两边预留电源，以备手机充电，高度在40公分左右。卧室床头柜的插座抬高到60公分，方便插拔。书桌下预留多排插座。一般客厅空调一组回路，卧室空调每2台一组回路。如果业主家安装了新风或电热地暖，也要为它们准备专用回路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W4eCdG8OComauoxUj9Ic0B7qnPh"},,"attrs":{"height":589,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅卧室水电","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5142b37cb1894bd0bd5499274202361a","width":939},"text":"","id":"WEsEdgMiWoWQMmxSAO6c2Hn2nrd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"室内整体装修","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GkS8dqsSKoeAmaxsz4ucqRGQnlg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"室内整体装修包括木工、泥瓦工、油漆工的装修。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Mm0CdoAIGoWyCcx25h4ccxM2nVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"木工作为一道繁杂的工序，也可当作是主体修改的关键环节来对待，与水电路的改良并不冲突，有时可能还需要一些配合。木工是为业主完成房屋装修过程中的各项木质工程的工种，其人工费用占到整个家装工程人工费用的40-60%不等。目前市场上比较常规的木工定制产品有：成品套装门、定制衣柜、定制书柜、定制橱柜、定制移门等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JceQdQISCoCse2xMVfgcdoU4nzE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泥瓦工序就是大家关心的贴瓷砖这一步骤，以及墙面、地面的基层处理和各区域防水工程。这项面子工程是否有好的施工质量不但直接影响到整体装修的外观是否整洁美观，而且防水质量直接关系到业主入住后的居住质量。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uu4OdI8Ssoqy8SxOiqXceWdYnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆工程一般是硬装即将结束的标志了，包含墙体表面处理、批腻子、砂纸打磨、刷底涂、刷涂料等步骤。油漆工程是面子工程，如果油漆工艺做的不好的话，就会留下入住后的困扰，如墙面开裂、掉漆等。所以一定要去注意施工工艺以及工艺原则，不遵守这些步骤的话就会影响家装质量了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QgMqd6sYCoMMW0xCOdWcIh5vn3c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CUeYdgEY4ok6wWxItXLcMlF8n5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电工完成之后，一般是先做木工，对其家里的石膏板等吊顶，电视背景墙以及家里需要打柜子的制作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C0eqdCe0ioMWCqxIv6GcLtGInBg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅吊顶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZqKQdskYmogAiAxYvEic3UA4nYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安装客厅天花板之前，必须绘制天花板的尺寸，然后设置好天花板上的位置，用冲击钻钻洞，最后用固定的膨胀螺丝的大龙骨（木质骨架称为龙骨）。然后，将地板上的骨架固定到天花板上，使用方形条作为固定柱，水平和水平固定骨架，并根据图纸的大小切割多余的骨架，下一步是固定石膏板。建议使用十字架将石膏板固定在天花板上并用螺丝固定。有必要去除剩余的石膏板。这个屋顶差不多完了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUu2d8cYGo8I6qxiY7JcnIuLnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"住宅客厅吊顶的石膏板固定后，可以进行装饰。例如，在干墙的凹槽中施加纱布以避免收缩和开裂。将装饰线固定在天花板的边缘，最后放上腻子粉或其他装饰材料。漂亮的天花板就做好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MqE2dQmA6ogQGmxuY8HcfJfbnMb"},,"attrs":{"height":439,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅吊顶","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a0ad789a48a74a10a5a6f1e64cd45641","width":905},"text":"","id":"QI8OdE8WYoAGuUxCWHfcuTCnnkb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电视背景墙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Vu0CdSymooqQuaxYXkfcZ6QbnJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作电视背景墙需要选择合适的材质，不同的材质所营造的效果不同，然后根据既定的材质，考虑背景墙是侧重实用还是侧重装饰。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LiI2dQEWAocKcQxi9qBcYTOYnZi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以采用大理石雕刻出的角线做造型，然后中间贴瓷砖用瓷砖贴出造型花样。这种造型一般都是与客厅的地砖造型相呼应的。客厅使用大理石来装饰能瞬间提前档次和品质，而且时尚的质感能体现出来，大理石面的不规则花纹，原生态的自然效果也是让人喜欢的另一面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8Ked6k06oQsUSxWw5ocM69fnpf"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电视背景墙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f8cf243631b84c1485637dc5b1242d6c","width":600},"text":"","id":"CggEdOIQ8ogs8KxGy1CczPeknhc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"还有一种做法就是用文化石做背景墙，人造文化石一般具有环保节能，质量轻的优点。其古朴，极具造型感，被年轻人所青睐。由于是用作电视墙，瓷砖尽量选用柔光砖，表面光反射没有亮光砖强烈，看电视时开灯也不会有光反射。铺贴方式也同普通砖一样简单，价格也是地砖价格经济实惠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LQOQdu4kOo4gM0x3QUEcdkUrnO6"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电视背景墙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/38e649707a0647828379c8c071fe9329","width":600},"text":"","id":"GKcKdOWm8osMqyxElU2cyiHGnid"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8W6dYqYMo6Ky0xQjOycinDknff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果室内面积比较小，可以考虑选择定制家具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z2S4ducgOomwayxWshXcTXjnnwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前，市场上已经出现一大批的定制家具企业。这些企业在大规模生产的基础上，将每位消费者视为一个单独的细分市场，满足单个消费者的个性需求。目前，多采用定制形式的家具主要有整体衣柜、整体书柜、整体橱柜、步入式衣帽间、入墙衣柜等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iegad4kU6oK2OSxyeu7cBhwinjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具的流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8esdsc4qo6IWmx8daicVzmZnFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、一般情况下设计师会跟业主提前沟通一下，了解一下业主的想法以及生活方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QaIQd0qK4oSoKQxktPvcHK8tnwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、带业主参观样品展厅，考察产品工艺和生产制作流程，交流家居配置风格需求，根据会谈详细记录分析，与业主约定初步配套方案面谈时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RAWadAi4gomA64xgDgXci4QWnRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、完成上面两步之后要做的是上门初步测量工作，确定好家居的尺寸以及摆放的位置，之后要做的就是进行多全方位的准确测量工作，精准测算出家居的尺寸以及占地面积和摆放布局等情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JKmCdoAkGocQwsxashzcCIEnnTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、设计师会根据现场测量的实际结果绘制出基本的家具设计图，然后跟业主沟通之后就可以初步确定设计方案了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L0YqdmkC8omic6xyo1qcbhfbnRe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、面谈进行方案磋商，并进行调整终达到业主满意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XSCYdqgUwoeAe2x6JA8coTeCnAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、在家具的生产制作过程中应该随时与业主保持沟通，所采用的材料以及颜色要及时告知业主，有异议的话应该及时沟通调整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RMMkdGUs2oG6wsxeQeucFfjonEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅定制家具：可以根据需求定制电视柜和储物柜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WqqCdoCCeoq8cSxotCEczPlrn4c"},,"attrs":{"height":476,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d280dd7348d342ce9908f5a939b642c0","width":603},"text":"","id":"YogMdEa0WoCAGwxAn89cYOiWn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"卧室定制家具：定制衣柜、床头柜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QoYOdKai0oWAaAxKQr1cKqYkn5b"},,"attrs":{"height":534,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5431fd9bf0314244951e41a9a56d88b2","width":933},"text":"","id":"XO46d48mCoeGWyxEZyfcXq9CnbI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"房间的整体定制：定制飘窗、榻榻米、书柜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qu4CdmMWGoGm2Wxc3nocKUgEnse"},,"attrs":{"height":541,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0bc60b63d11345ad90fa8d4526603406","width":720},"text":"","id":"XiYedSEkko0W2MxYXMjcV1F6nCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台定制家具：洗衣柜、储物柜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kq6gdS6k6oaSogx4IhgccJV9nUe"},,"attrs":{"height":434,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/83f781094a2545eba465b013bfe610c3","width":665},"text":"","id":"XUSSdkc4OoSCgkxGSAjc0M1anxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨房定制家具橱柜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V0KWdaOA2oeUkYxYlDJcio7Gn7b"},,"attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/52fe1ffeafcc4b06af83f1d3782dca5a","width":826},"text":"","id":"VMoWdsMWkoQ0Q8xGUPPcAnjIn3e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KkMYdC0wAoCkYAxGGAZcKGV8noh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在我们木工完成之后，就可以进泥瓦工了，泥瓦工主要包含的就是大理石窗台，过门石，地漏以及瓷砖等安装。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J8IKd8iMioC6IgxtqMRcN5vbnNr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖需要先准备好工具：瓷砖、拉线、水、混浆、泥砂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FKmqdIk2GocUg4xC4ZBcm0xgnPc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、对铺贴的墙体表面进行处理，清除表面污物。并洒水湿润，然后用水泥砂浆混合找平。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAuMdeskgoQMcuxAnC9cCSlVn3c"},,"attrs":{"height":250,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/003c94c4088d4d309b0a5e4822ae2f2c","width":406},"text":"","id":"RgiIdmKc0oKoQCxAZj9cKt10nuh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、将墙砖完全置于清水中，一般三十分钟就可以了，随后取出，晾干水渍待用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xo8WdKaseoe2MixeQzwcWj5dnMb"},,"attrs":{"height":242,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/59ce55bdbedf40e0b62104a0667d237c","width":438},"text":"","id":"ZkSudscWcoiAKsxEpSLc0RQlnZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、根据设计铺贴图样的要求，确定排砖方案。在干爽的找平层上拉上标线，让瓷砖在一个垂直面上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DKqSdiOgwoYS2WxkN9tcAxkwnPd"},,"attrs":{"height":271,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8dcfa65b62ec41ea8ccc7ed1cb17f7d6","width":514},"text":"","id":"OasAdSIc8oSWCIxKKvKcCZRUnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、铺贴釉面墙砖选择水泥型号425，砂子以中砂为好。水泥和砂子按1:3的比例加水搅拌成糊状备用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U0ced48sCoWgeGxMvZVcOqmQnLc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、在墙面上喷足够的水，在砖背面均匀抹上水泥砂浆。砂浆厚度以5mm-6mm为宜，用木锤轻轻拍牢，并随时用水平尺找平。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JOs8d2GGOoGo8exuufAcxZIjnef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、在瓷砖铺贴完成后，使用专用的瓷砖勾缝剂进行勾缝就可以了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DMcAdaAi2omksWxugyockmKKn5b"},,"attrs":{"height":529,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7541bcbcca734c18bc9074d2b6c3f923","width":817},"text":"","id":"Oi0adsOS2okiOcxSsCfc14Ocnqf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"刷墙面漆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8MydEuy4o0m20xo1atcpnvingc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆工进场，主要是对墙面的一些基层处理及乳胶漆的涂刷等，还有就是一些需要上油漆的家具进行上漆。那大家要注意的是，墙面如果要贴壁纸的话，一定要叫油漆工在墙面上做基层处理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RaO6dS8Yso668axAHsicGRfQnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墙面刷漆都要针对墙面做基层处理，让墙面尽量保持平整。然后再均匀的刮一遍腻子，在腻子干透后，用粗砂纸进行抛光。最后就可以抹涂料了，可以抹两层涂料，尽量均匀不得漏涂！","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKOGdGKiCoo84kxKeppccB69nVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"到这一步油漆工完成之后，整个装修的硬装基本上就完成了。以上都是一些装修的施工环节，而施工环节之后，我们还要进行一些安装环节。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XMcIdUwIOoMcsYxAxdScSFEAnSb"},,"attrs":{"height":533,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"刷墙面漆","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e7a43ecc271149ca817b593d0fe15ca7","width":812},"text":"","id":"MO2udUcO0o8Kosx6QJRcdz6Ln6q"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨卫吊顶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MqG0duuu0ooouOxAxV1c90cWnvf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨卫吊顶是所有安装环节的第一个环节。在我们安装橱柜的时候，我们一定要将其防潮吸顶灯、排风扇（浴霸）应该已经买好了。这样可以一起安装完成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C6EsdY2CMo4Squx6in1cJtDgne6"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"橱柜安装","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NegGd0smso4swmxIx5CczimXnKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨卫间的吊顶结束后，我们就可以约橱柜的商家上门安装橱柜了。一般安装橱柜最快就一天时间就完成了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ziead6sO4oecM4xEfNQcgdCGnke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在我们安装橱柜的时候，我们也可以将已买的水槽，灶台等送货上门安装了，然后一起进行安装。在这里大王就强调一点，燃气一定要提前开通好，因为安装完之后要进行试气的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LCE6dym6AoSgkIx4aKZcwNaSn3b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修木门","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JMUIdAEqwoIww8xGymocp0zTnoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"橱柜安装完之后，下一步就要进行室内门安装了，注意一点的是，室内门要是定制的话，那一定要提前一个月定制，一般安装时间就一天时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MKS8dsWwcoiAQ4xEP5KctpSjn6e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"开关插座灯具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JeSEdy24mo80y8xAbAQcbr8Jnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"壁纸贴完之后，我们就要进行开关，插座以及灯具的安装，那在此之前，我们一定要根据水电工给到的开关，插座、灯具数量进行提前购买好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QOsKdMW6UoAyioxG2RHcZNylnhb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"五金安装","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DWmsdOcmqoOkAGx6nmEcLpeon6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五金安装部分，这里主要指的是一些水龙头，卫浴挂件以及洁具、阳台的晾衣架等等安装。在这里提醒大家，五金一定要购买好的，不然后期很容易坏掉，一旦坏了，后期更换非常的麻烦然而我们安装完上下水管件。水龙头，角阀等一定要进行开关测试，看看是否有漏水的问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Sasodq4QqoE4Icxe4zdcSqQ8nrg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"开荒保洁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F28WdyESUo0GcCxQJDbcSwB8nqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修到上一步就全部完成了，接下来我们就要对其全屋彻底的清洁打扫了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rg4ed0M6soUESsxoK5yc6Lpqntb"},,"attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"开荒保洁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/998665321744491a83361b21d885cc18","width":400},"text":"","id":"UGEmdIossoW0Euxc0e2ctN8unOH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"新房的开荒保洁是一项大工程，但如果选择好相应的工具就能够事半功倍。在开荒保洁的时候经常会利用到以下这些工具：例如大型吸尘吸水机，例如多功能擦地机，例如玻璃套装工具，例如加长杆等，还有梯子，水桶，还有铲刀等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAMqd6iGqoQkM0xymagc5ac9nng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"准备好相应的保洁工具，这样才能够更好的进行保洁工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Vw4Yd2484oSEYSx4M93c3OD1nBe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了要准备好相应的工具之外，也应该准备好相应的药剂。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"准备的药剂一般用以下这些：例如全能清洗剂，例如玻璃清洗剂，例如瓷砖清洗剂，例如陶瓷美缝剂，例如去胶剂，例如除渍剂，例如酸性清洁剂，例如洁厕灵，例如不锈钢清洗剂，例如不锈钢光亮剂，例如家私蜡等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IwCSd8OMuoYmmyxYxIEcBkzynbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"开荒保洁的时候，开荒保洁的顺序也很重要","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqOSdWaceoyCcaxGGsTcWgO4nUc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先应该清理现场留下的装修垃圾，之后由上到下全面除尘。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UqqAdmUYIoKAOUxY7bFcDvDynEe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在清洗玻璃的时候，应该先用毛巾把玻璃框架擦拭干净，之后再用玻璃水溶液，从上到下涂抹玻璃，这样可以将顽固的污渍清除。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PseWdoOeao68sWxmiLScJE81nmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"房子打扫感觉后我们需要把窗户打开，让室内空气流动，这样可以让空气中的有害物质挥发出去。比如甲醛，也可以购买绿萝，放在室内吸收甲醛。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ASuqdEEcwo84o8xi0COcxhqBnvf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗户装修","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TaImdi2QsoIS6OxzYawcBWIinDv"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们买回来的房子一般是钢化玻璃，所以轻易不要换窗户玻璃，除非是有特殊要求的，那么才需要改装窗户，改装也需要选择大品牌，这样质量才会比较好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UuEidAiS0oqQIax8syTcH3BTnpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果房内的采光特别不好，必须改造窗户，那么我们可以改造成断桥铝窗，这种窗户比较结实。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AOw0dWMmIoKEWQxKPZfc2BuXnMC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在安装窗户的时候有两点非常重要，大家可以参考一下：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zmoyd2aGSoIgKexAlzfcGqJ9n4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、窗框铆定过程中，切忌在隔热条上固定，隔热条的强度有限，无法经受常年风压、自重等内外部作用力影响，而且隔热条一旦被打穿，窗户就不是断桥窗了，金属固定件连接了冷热桥，窗户的隔热性能因此丧失；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YCMkdCo08oUIOsxwZILculosn2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、安装师傅一定要做好安全措施，消费者要和商家做好安全责任划分，窗户安装涉及高空作业，特种作业一旦发生相关安全生产事故，业主也会有法律风险。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O0CadsqwOo4GAoxc9qgcxnNPnwd"},,"attrs":{"height":566,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"窗户装修","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/963c7d26c917411188eb8a7b4ea2cbf8","width":828},"text":"","id":"ZcAidOQk6o4oaQxGMTVcEqtPnQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗户的装修完成后，我们还需要加装防盗窗和安装窗帘，防盗窗可以选用铝合金的，这样质量比较好，剩下的就是装修窗帘了，我们可以把买好的窗帘直接拿出来安装。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AoWQdGmEaoMyYqxGg9OcC0SBnUd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"家具、家电进场","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GUCGdiMuqomgGcxaQzucXzddnbd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"完成基础装修后就开始安装家具家电了，可以把购买的沙发、床铺、冰箱、电视机等家具家电安装摆放在合适的地方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Lu04dqWcQoekQix2fdscCFBEn0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TG4SdU8Kgo6iSsxC4N2cXMDwnoe"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

普通人怎么报考社工证

近几年，国家对社会工作者持证上岗的要求越来越高，同时伴随着社工服务站全面铺开，社工需求量日渐增大。为了协助全国各地小伙伴顺利报考，这里准备了报考锦囊，有需要的小伙伴们赶紧来看看吧。

社工和社工证

社工

社会工作者，简称社工。是指在社会福利、社会救助、社会慈善、残障康复、优抚安置、医疗卫生、青少年服务、司法矫治等社会服务机构中从事专门性社会服务工作的专业技术人员。

社工证

社会工作者职业水平评价分为助理社会工作师、社会工作师和高级社会工作师三个级别。从2008年起，先行实施助理社会工作师、社会工作师职业水平考试。

2019年，根据人力资源社会保障部、民政部《关于印发〈高级社会工作师评价办法〉的通知》（人社部规〔2018〕2号），实施高级社会工作师职业水平考试。《社会工作者职业水平考试》考试介绍：http://www.cpta.com.cn/test/837.html。人社部认可的证书，有图中所示这些。

2021年国家职业资格目录：http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/SYgundongxinwen/201710/t20171024_280005.html，社会工作者职业资格考试属于水平评价类职业资格。2022年，人社部发文，水平评价类职业资格退出职业资格目录，转为社会化等级认定，发放职业技能等级证书，与原证具备同等效力和待遇。官网通知：http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/dongtaixinwen/buneiyaowen/rsxw/202208/t20220816_482757.html。

水平评价类技能人员职业资格退出国家职业资格目录，不是取消职业和职业标准，更不是取消技能人才评价，而是由职业资格评价改为职业技能等级认定，改变了评价发证主体和管理服务方式，即:政府主管部门—组织制定职业分类、发布国家职业标准或评价规范，用人单位和社会培训评价组织—具体实施并颁发职业技能等级证书。

劳动者经评价合格取得的职业技能等级证书和职业资格证书具有同等效力，均可通过“技能人才评价证书全国联网查询系统”查询。

鉴于政策可能随时调整，以及各个地方政策可能会有差别。大家可以去官网中国人事考试网(mohrss.gov.cn)自行查证最新政策。

报考条件

凡中华人民共和国公民，遵守国家法律、法规，恪守职业道德，并符合助理社会工作师或社会工作师报名条件的人员，可申请参加相应级别的考试。通过职业水平评价，取得社会工作者职业水平证书的人员，表明其已具备相应专业技术岗位工作的水平和能力。

初级

报名条件

助理社会工作师（初级）考试报名条件：

1．取得高中或者中专学历，从事社会工作满4年；

2．取得社会工作专业大专学历，从事社会工作满2年；

3．社会工作专业本科应届毕业生；

4．取得其他专业大专学历，从事社会工作满4年；

5．取得其他专业本科及以上学历，从事社会工作满2年。

考试科目

助理社会工作师（初级）一共考两科，《社会工作综合能力》《社会工作实务》2个科目，均为客观题，初级必须在1个考试年度内通过全部科目的考试方可取得助理社会工作师职业资格证书。各科目满分100分，合格标准为60分。

中级

报名条件

社会工作师（中级）考试报名条件：

1．取得高中或者中专学历，并取得助理社会工作师职业水平证书后，从事社会工作满6年；

2．取得社会工作专业大专及以上学历或学位，从事社会工作满4年；

3．取得社会工作专业大学本科学历，从事社会工作满3年；

4．取得社会工作专业硕士学位，从事社会工作满1年；

5．取得社会工作专业博士学位；

6．取得其他专业大专及以上学历或学位，其从事社会工作年限相应增加2年。

考试科目

社会工作师（中级）一共考三科，《社会工作综合能力（中级）》《社会工作实务（中级）》《社会工作法规与政策》3个科目，其中《社会工作实务（中级）》为主观科目，其他两科目均为客观科目。中级必须在2个考试年度内通过全部科目的考试方可取得社会工作师职业资格证书。各科目满分100分，合格标准为60分。

高级

报名条件

高级社会工作师考试需要具备以下条件：

1．拥护中国共产党领导，遵守国家宪法、法律、法规，热爱社会工作事业，具有良好的职业道德；

2．具有本科及以上学历（或学士及以上学位）；

3．在通过全国社会工作者职业水平考试取得社会工作师（中级）资格后，从事社会工作满5年，截止日期为考试报名年度的当年年底。

考试科目

高级社会工作师职业水平考试科目为《社会工作实务（高级）》，为闭卷考试，在答题卡上作答，考试时间3小时，考试题型为案例题和论述题，满分100分。

报考时间

具体报考时间需要参照当年的中国人事考试网(mohrss.gov.cn)发布的关于xx年度社会工作者职业资格考试有关事项的通告。

按照往年的惯例，报名时间一般在考前的两个月公布。比如下图为2022年部分地区社工报考时间，可以看出从2022年从4月21日开始，部分地区陆续开启报名通道，所以预估社工考试报名工作一般均在3月下旬~4月中旬进行。具体报名时间小伙伴们届时请查阅各省人事考试中心网站公布的最新报考公告。

往年报考时间

1、2021年报考时间为2021年8月11日9∶00—8月18日16∶00。

2、2022年报考时间为2022年4月21日—4月27日上午12∶00。

考试时间

具体考试时间需要参照本年的中国人事考试网(mohrss.gov.cn)发布的关于xx年度社会工作者职业资格考试有关事项的通告。

往年考试时间

1、2021年考试时间为10月16日至17日。2021年为10月16日下午14:00—16:00社会工作法规与政策；10月17日上午9:00—11:00社会工作综合能力（初、中级）；下午14:00—16:00社会工作实务（初级）；14:00—16:30社会工作实务（中级）；14:00—17:00社会工作实务（高级）。

2、2022年考试时间为6月18日至19日。2022年为6月18日下午14:00—16:00社会工作法规与政策；6月19日上午9:00—11:00社会工作综合能力（初、中级）；下午14:00—16:00社会工作实务（初级）；14:00—16:30社会工作实务（中级）；14:00—17:00社会工作实务（高级）。

报考流程

社工考试整个报考流程图如下：

网上报名

先打开唯一的报名网站——中国人事考试网（mohrss.gov.cn），要注意的是各省的报名时间以及准考证打印会有所不同，需要考生留意考试通知。

这里注意一下，有账号的老考生可以直接登陆报名，没有账号的新人要先注册账号。点击注册账号，阅读完报名协议后，点击接受；认真阅读注册须知，并点击接受；注册完成，再登录即可。登录后，输入你的用户名和密码以及验证码。

选择你要报考的科目。

填写你的相关信息。

注意事项

1.如果找不到自己的专业技术职务，选“无”。

2.如果不知道自己的专业职称，选择“无职称”。

3.允许报名专业：社工专业就选社工专业，非社工专业比如英语、计算机就算其他。

4.工作年限与专业年限。

工作年限：你在社会中从事会计、快递员、老师、医生、保安、社会工作者、商场营业员、程序员等工作经验累积，都属于工作年限。

专业年限：是你从事了社会工作相关工作的工作年限，比如，在某基金会工作了5年，在居委会工作了5年，在社会服务机构工作了5年，在街道办工作了5年等等。

举例说明：比如小王毕业后工作了8年，其中前2年在一家企业做行政，后6年一直在一家社工机构做社会工作者的工作。那么，小王的工作年限是8年，专业年限是6年。

考试承诺

目前社会工作者报名分为2种方式，一是非承诺制，二是告知承诺制，报考2022年社工考试的考生可以自行选择报考方式。

两种报考方式的区别

1、非承诺制报名

需要考生提交相关的资料进行在线或线下审核，包括(1)学历证明；(2)学位证明；(3)从事相关专业工作年限证明；(4)相关级别的社会工作师职业水平证书。

2、告知承诺制

是指在资格考试报名时，考试组织机构将符合报考条件所需的证明义务、证明内容以及不实承诺的法律责任一次性告知报考人员，报考人员承诺已经符合告知的相关要求并愿意承担不实承诺的法律责任，考试组织机构不再索要有关证明并依据承诺办理相关事项的工作机制。

也就是说，选择告知承诺制考生，将无需提供学历证明、工作证明等资料。但目前告知承诺制以下三种情况不得报考：(1)不适用告知承诺制办理报考事项的（其他考试出现违规记录且记录在案的）；(2)未选择告知承诺制方式办理报考事项的（选择非承诺制报考的人员）；(3)撤回承诺（选择承诺制报名后又撤回的）。虽然考试机构对除以上三类的人员不进行核查，但是还是要依据自己所在省份人事考试通知执行，部分省份将对其他人员进行相关的核查并且少数省份将对成绩合格人员全面核查。

资料审核

审核方式

社会工作者报名资料审核主要有以下几种方式：网上审核，现场审核，考前/考后审核。

网上审核：主要针对非承诺制报名以及对承诺制报名资料存疑的考生，将对考生的报考条件、学历信息等报名信息进行核查，需要上传相关的资料。

现场审核：一般针对学历无法验证的情况，需要到指定地点进行审核。

考前/考后审核：目前大多数省份的审核在考试公告中都明确表明将会贯穿于整个考试的始终，对于不符合报名条件的人员将再次进行核查，要求提供相关的证明。

注意：审查如若发现考生考试成绩合格，但不符合报名条件、提供虚假信息或其他违纪行为，将按有关规定作出处罚！最严重将记入考生诚信考试档案库，5年内不得参加相关考试。

需准备的资料

社会工作者资格审核需要准备的资料:

1、《社会工作者职业水平考试报名表》加盖单位公章原件1份

2、国务院教育行政部门认可的学历（学位）证书原件和复印件1份

3、报考人员本人身份证原件及复印件1份

4、《社会工作者从事社会工作年限证明表》加盖所在单位公章原件1份

5、助理社会工作师/社会工作师职业水平证书原件及复印件

非承诺制报名需要现场确认带资料，在网上下载好带有公章的报名表、身份证及复印件、学历证书及复印件，或者是上传资料到报名网站进行资格核查，部分地区是考后审核资料。

承诺制报名就是填写基本信息即可，成绩通过后抽查部分人员进行资格审查。

网上缴费

审核通过后及时缴纳相关费用，需要注意的是，交费完成后查看一下缴费状态有没有改变为缴费成功。缴费成功后会出现这个界面，如果报名完成显示的是绿色的，就是报名完成了。注意：信息锁定了就不能修改。

打印准考证

社会工作者准考证打印入口一般在考前一周陆续开通，各省准考证打印时间略有不同，考生在各省规定时间内登录中国人事考试网进入“准考证打印”界面，下载打印准考证。建议准考证打印入口开通后，大家一定要尽早去打印，以免错过打印时间耽误考试。而且可以多打印几份备存，同时将电子版存档留好。

报考流程视频

实在不会的小伙伴们，可以参考以下社工考试报名流程视频：【2022初/中级社工考试报名指南，详细流程手把手教你】https://b23.tv/Oze75hK

如何备考

备考计划

预习阶段

预习阶段（开始备考-3月），备考建议：

1.根据需要学习的内容制定好学习计划。

2.预习阶段的学习主要以2022年考试教材为根本，熟悉教材内容，了解核心考点、熟悉知识框架。

3.新版教材出版（2023年3月中旬）

本阶段的重大节点：

2023年社会工作者考试教材出版发行，教材每年都会或多或少有些变化，尤其法规部分，变动的可能性更大，因此，建议购买新版教材。认真查看考试大纲，根据考试大纲来标注教材中的重难点，中社在线也会及时上传教材变化对比，针对教材变化大的地方，可以着重记忆。

基础阶段

基础阶段（2023年3-4月），备考建议：

结合官方教材及教辅书本进行学习，在基础阶段要逐章逐节进行系统学习，掌握基础理论和知识点。因为考试大纲和教材是命题的重要依据，包含了命题范围和答案标准。此阶段要夯实基础，认真学习每一章内容。可以选择一些有实力的网校机构，目前市面上知名度以及好评度比较高的有环球网校和233网校以及优路教育，233网校在其官网首页有网课试听的视频片段，可以感受一下课程的质量。

本阶段的重大节点：

2019年以前（疫情前)，社会工作者报名时间都是4月报名6月考试。2022年是4月21号陆续开启报名通道，估计2023年报名公告发布时间为2023年4月份。报名入口开通后，建议各位考生尽早准备报名相关事项，报名时间大约会持续10天左右，报名照片有特定要求，大家一定要根据各地的要求提前准备，尽快完成报名。

强化阶段

强化阶段（2023年5月），备考建议：

这时候已学完一遍教材，要做到归纳知识体系，跨章节知识融会贯通，进行综合性复习。找出理解上的障碍，先用铅笔勾画出重点、难点、考点，做到心中有数。对每章的内容及重要考点有一定的掌握，根据自己的基础明确要掌握知识的40%~到60%；要明确自己的不足为正式备考打下基础。

这阶段，可以选择一些APP，比如钉题库、考题宝、233网校以及微信小程序社工考题宝等。像钉题库是有5000章以上的练习题是免费刷的，同时还有错题巩固，智能组卷等功能，都是比较方便的。

冲刺阶段

冲刺阶段（2023年6月份），备考建议：

首先集中冲刺真题，保证每天一套真题，其次刷模拟题，透过题目看本质，总结做题方法，强化记忆。攻克重点、难点，掌握做题技巧。听课、做题两者要有效结合。同时大家需要做的就是查看自己的错题集，把之前的章节练习、真题冲刺的错题和不确定题都要重新看一遍，看看到底哪些考点错误率高，哪些内容没掌握，就回去重点看哪些考点，针对单个考点进行逐个击破，争取做到以点慨面，最快最有效的提高考试分数！

刷题技巧

助理级社会工作师考试主要是客观题，这对小白考生是比较容易的，在日常的刷题过程中保持着在多不在精的思路，大量刷题，这样在面对考试的时候，面对容易拿分的题目可以多拿一些，保证了通过率。

而中级社会工作师考试中主观题的比例相较于之前提升了不少，可以说对题目的理解要更多一些，也可以说只有答的精准才行，不然洋洋洒洒写了不少，最后切合题意的并不多，一样是失分很严重的。所以在平常练习的时候，对于社会工作实务的题一定要多写一些才行，不管写的好与不好，重点就在于不断练习的过程中去拓宽自己的思路，打开自己的思维，围绕着题干去精准把握住要用到的知识点，然后去拓展，包括综合的题都是一样的道理。

还有的就是法规与政策，靠的就是理解式记忆还有联想式记忆，刷题的过程中去思考法规与政策的含义，这样能起到的作用更大一些。

成绩公布

按照往年惯例，考试成绩原则上在考试结束后两个月在中国人事考试网（www.cpta.com.cn）发布。各科目合格标准一般为试卷满分的60%（特殊地区除外）。

助理社会工作师、社会工作师职业水平考试合格，颁发人力资源社会保障部统一印制、人力资源社会保障部和民政部共同用印的《中华人民共和国社会工作者职业水平证书》，该证书在全国范围有效。

高级社会工作师实行考试和评审相结合的评价制度，高级社会工作师考试合格，颁发高级社会工作师考试成绩合格证明，该证明自颁发之日起，在全国范围3年内有效。

在该证明有效期内，符合高级社会工作师评审条件的，可以申请参加高级社会工作师评审，通过评审且经公示无异议后，颁发由人力资源社会保障部统一印制、人力资源社会保障部和民政部共同用印的《中华人民共和国社会工作者职业水平证书（高级社会工作师）》，该证书在全国范围内有效。

计分标准

1、单项选择题为每小题1分，多选、错选、不选均不得分。

2、多项选择题为每小题2分，错选，本题不得分；少选，所选的每个选项得0.5分。

3、案例分析题（中级实务）为每小题20分。

4、案例分析题、论述题（高级）1道必答案例题20分。2道选答案例题（3选2），每道25分。

5、选答论述题（2选1）每道30分。

证书领取

助理级社会工作师证书、社会工作师证书以及高级社会工作师证书由中国人社部统一颁发，证书在全国范围内有效。证书的领取时间按照往年发放的时间做参考，基本上是考试成绩公布两个月以后。具体的领取时间是要查看各地的人事考试网发布的领证公告。社会工作师证书领取主要是现场领取和邮寄领取这两种方式。

现场领取

现场领取证书考生可以自己携带身份证件、成绩单打印表到各地人事考试网发布的领证公告中的当地详细领证地点领取。现场领取考生也可以让他人或者单位代领。要注意代领需要代领人及持证人有效身份证原件，但是代领在有些地区是不允许的，具体要看当地的要求。可以拨打当地人事考试网办公室电话询问。

邮寄领取

选择邮寄领取就要在规定的时间之内进入各地人事考试网发布的领证公告中规定的邮寄申请的页面，按照要求填写详细信息，申请邮寄证书。

电子证书

2021年12月16日，社会工作者职业水平考试专业技术人员职业资格的电子证书使用“中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部专业技术人员职业资格证书专用章”电子印章。官网：http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/xxgk2020/fdzdgknr/zcfg/gfxwj/rcrs/202112/t20211221_430806.html。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"近几年，国家对社会工作者持证上岗的要求越来越高，同时伴随着社工服务站全面铺开，社工需求量日渐增大。为了协助全国各地小伙伴顺利报考，这里准备了报考锦囊，","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"有需要的小伙伴们","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"赶紧来看看吧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnx37s9UxmdRNFIhnVP0azih"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"社工和社工证","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnvRlNBiPzTuXIbOsV8NZGGd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"社工","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaQ0EWw3o5g56tuvl56WkPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"社会工作者，简称社工。是指在社会福利、社会救助、社会慈善、残障康复、优抚安置、医疗卫生、青少年服务、司法矫治等社会服务机构中从事专门性社会服务工作的专业技术人员。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk2IiCqqI4XpFkfcLFmCONh"},,"attrs":{"height":680,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"社工","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/17a3dbba116a4e5694a20b98f74bfc8e","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcnKJIXT9SUxbgJ70wXOdKgBc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"社工证","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntyHx4hQjmeVFuOyiQWNb8y"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"社会工作者职业水平评价分为助理社会工作师、社会工作师和高级社会工作师三个级别。从2008年起，先行实施助理社会工作师、社会工作师职业水平考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6sOCFRSAOC4zNBGOk899nd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2019年，根据人力资源社会保障部、民政部《关于印发〈高级社会工作师评价办法〉的通知》（人社部规〔2018〕2号），实施高级社会工作师职业水平考试。《社会工作者职业水平考试》考试介绍：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"http://www.cpta.com.cn/test/837.html。人社部认可的证书，有图中所示这些。"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"http://www.cpta.com.cn/test/837.html。人社部认可的证书，有图中所示这些。","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnV0AMmeBzgDjPRakODhohoh"},,"attrs":{"height":444,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"社工证","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/337c4f71573b4e1097349afaaa07df59","width":622},"text":"","id":"doxcnVVtjJHOn7Jza8Zl9ZYsMBe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2021年国家职业资格目录：http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/SYgundongxinwen/201710/t20171024_280005.html，社会工作者职业资格考试属于水平评价类职业资格。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"2022年，人社部发文，水平评价类职业资格退出职业资格目录，转为社会化等级认定，发放职业技能等级证书，与原证具备同等效力和待遇。官网通知：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/dongtaixinwen/buneiyaowen/rsxw/202208/t20220816_482757.html。"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/dongtaixinwen/buneiyaowen/rsxw/202208/t20220816_482757.html。","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniUKKiji7jC8DJpnuVeOJNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水平评价类技能人员职业资格退出国家职业资格目录，不是取消职业和职业标准，更不是取消技能人才评价，而是由职业资格评价改为职业技能等级认定，改变了评价发证主体和管理服务方式，即:政府主管部门—组织制定职业分类、发布国家职业标准或评价规范，用人单位和社会培训评价组织—具体实施并颁发职业技能等级证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwd68CqmyHxVjvdiyRsoHxg"},,"attrs":{"height":636,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"社工证","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ac826195227433fa23861f762e63cea","width":496},"text":"","id":"doxcnut8WWIqfmSNU2HPlgvwSbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"劳动者经评价合格取得的职业技能等级证书和职业资格证书具有同等效力，均可通过“技能人才评价证书全国联网查询系统”查询。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn1K17nfvU9E9XwGNyYNwpwg"},,"attrs":{"height":325,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"社工证","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/97bca5bc245b4fc4995c7dc7156526c9","width":577},"text":"","id":"doxcnTdj5y5FvtEdb3TS7WTxkzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鉴于政策可能随时调整，以及各个地方政策可能会有差别。大家可以去官网","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"中国人事考试网(","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"mohrss.gov.cn","id":""},{"type":"text","text":")自行查证最新政策。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnvFuhI0uhhWMtYdPxx5UuFd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnirXFPFeqTdNHw0eqTdDmEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凡中华人民共和国公民，遵守国家法律、法规，恪守职业道德，并符合助理社会工作师或社会工作师报名条件的人员，可申请参加相应级别的考试。通过职业水平评价，取得社会工作者职业水平证书的人员，表明其已具备相应专业技术岗位工作的水平和能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHQBrrIqM7F17QPDI58Wlcc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"初级","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLlWOW3pLOCDsQ9MU8htjhc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4rSjGH9J6b4GPxhBsSsRkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"助理社会工作师（初级）考试报名条件：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9mTlpe6Y5X8TgomQ9SWSFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1．取得高中或者中专学历，从事社会工作满4年；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUekYRZlwCyQfKNJT495Xzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2．取得社会工作专业大专学历，从事社会工作满2年；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc13fndNlIdySBFTWNvHmcb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3．社会工作专业本科应届毕业生；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfVNBywPA4F7VfxFehgwQ5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4．取得其他专业大专学历，从事社会工作满4年；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCrFpVehppr0Mb9qaJJSUBc"},{"typ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"id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnz6Q0IBwHGaIARtLAyokOGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前社会工作者报名分为2种方式，一是非承诺制，二是告知承诺制，报考2022年社工考试的考生可以自行选择报考方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQLplKL6o3VHQpADsHBISgf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"两种报考方式的区别","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnss3oNdfCHPrMpG0hO3Bzwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、非承诺制报名","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjPpKpYQgNXqA5Mc461nOgc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"需要考生提交相关的资料进行在线或线下审核，包括(1)学历证明；(2)学位证明；(3)从事相关专业工作年限证明；(4)相关级别的社会工作师职业水平证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnF7hCSa4TfC1K7XKU71XaZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、告知承诺制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn21fkcU6xfXVCe8jPWjjOJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是指在资格考试报名时，考试组织机构将符合报考条件所需的证明义务、证明内容以及不实承诺的法律责任一次性告知报考人员，报考人员承诺已经符合告知的相关要求并愿意承担不实承诺的法律责任，考试组织机构不再索要有关证明并依据承诺办理相关事项的工作机制。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJXYZ5iGPvvWz5nH1SXAK5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也就是说，选择告知承诺制考生，将无需提供学历证明、工作证明等资料。但目前告知承诺制以下三种情况不得报考：(1)不适用告知承诺制办理报考事项的（其他考试出现违规记录且记录在案的）；(2)未选择告知承诺制方式办理报考事项的（选择非承诺制报考的人员）；(3)撤回承诺（选择承诺制报名后又撤回的）。虽然考试机构对除以上三类的人员不进行核查，但是还是要依据自己所在省份人事考试通知执行，部分省份将对其他人员进行相关的核查并且少数省份将对成绩合格人员全面核查。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny3b2wjr4kTzAEu9qjP3yXc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"资料审核","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnn01RilamysHwofaaYYTH8c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"审核方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyJGIBovTKbgWAk7p4iZeTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"社会工作者报名资料审核主要有以下几种方式：网上审核，现场审核，考前/考后审核。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzzR8hMsdlHjSyfORjEJr4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"网上审核：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"主要针对非承诺制报名以及对承诺制报名资料存疑的考生，将对考生的报考条件、学历信息等报名信息进行核查，需要上传相关的资料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjgCEgX8bMtOG1TwEXXdN7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"现场审核：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"一般针对学历无法验证的情况，需要到指定地点进行审核。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCwbffnity11OZ9Y5hNgk9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"考前/考后审核：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"目前大多数省份的审核在考试公告中都明确表明将会贯穿于整个考试的始终，对于不符合报名条件的人员将再次进行核查，要求提供相关的证明。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncV07RqqECljCGodap5qdDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意：审查如若发现考生考试成绩合格，但不符合报名条件、提供虚假信息或其他违纪行为，将按有关规定作出处罚！最严重将记入考生诚信考试档案库，5年内不得参加相关考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpWz1pVmQtsCYON9OQEzqSe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"需准备的资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMkGayVTbbsip12qm7wBBUA"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"社会工作者资格审核需要准备的资料:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4KqsATCAv92nlql1AhEpQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、《社会工作者职业水平考试报名表》加盖单位公章原件1份","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHinQwlQRfjS8LAydd0kJ6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、国务院教育行政部门认可的学历（学位）证书原件和复印件1份","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZkYKueCtuavcRxRXcceIid"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、报考人员本人身份证原件及复印件1份","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCgsJg37rbE9ksbHci92F1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、《社会工作者从事社会工作年限证明表》加盖所在单位公章原件1份","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnknrI4goLG5ElJnbcaJoivg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、助理社会工作师/社会工作师职业水平证书原件及复印件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCVdFhdDtkwMpy5mPqjTB6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"非承诺制报名需要现场确认带资料，在网上下载好带有公章的报名表、身份证及复印件、学历证书及复印件，或者是上传资料到报名网站进行资格核查，部分地区是考后审核资料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOJW2EpCTa6hyLvFdGXyqHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"承诺制报名就是填写基本信息即可，成绩通过后抽查部分人员进行资格审查。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9gTz7T87Z8IQAdm0RiOByh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"网上缴费","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSdL0uT6xYss2RbOxKOdkHg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"审核通过后及时缴纳相关费用，需要注意的是，交费完成后查看一下缴费状态有没有改变为缴费成功。缴费成功后会出现这个界面，如果报名完成显示的是绿色的，就是报名完成了。注意：信息锁定了就不能修改。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna1RdR4TToOtH2Zbqw0hB2g"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":544,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"网上缴费","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5e0c4d2dbff84f21ab8927c6becc5957","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcnfdKvAupM9vG7oSneUsXWcJ"},,"attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"网上缴费","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/202edcc6e41b460aac74f8609017edb4","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcnuyiAMatcezVIaUx2AjGdte"}],"text":"","id":"doxcnv5sOpBEazd1eqMpHMdF8Sd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"打印准考证","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnv5sOpBEaz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了通过率。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnDn4VrGiXs67SCwjnRAgSJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"而中级社会工作师考试中主观题的比例相较于之前提升了不少，可以说对题目的理解要更多一些，也可以说只有答的精准才行，不然洋洋洒洒写了不少，最后切合题意的并不多，一样是失分很严重的。所以在平常练习的时候，对于社会工作实务的题一定要多写一些才行，不管写的好与不好，重点就在于不断练习的过程中去拓宽自己的思路，打开自己的思维，围绕着题干去精准把握住要用到的知识点，然后去拓展，包括综合的题都是一样的道理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn1dEoMUFXqOpEVi4wT9Z7Gc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"还有的就是法规与政策，靠的就是理解式记忆还有联想式记忆，刷题的过程中去思考法规与政策的含义，这样能起到的作用更大一些。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns5MmLh12WIrjMuWDc6ZAqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"成绩公布","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn1pf8NZVtYtMtvJkVvCUTrb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按照往年惯例，考试成绩原则上在","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"考试结束后两个月","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"在中国人事考试网（www.cpta.com.cn）发布。各科目合格标准一般为试卷满分的60%（特殊地区除外）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmFkawhaa0cTCzeBzLIEoSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"助理社会工作师、社会工作师职业水平考试合格，颁发人力资源社会保障部统一印制、人力资源社会保障部和民政部共同用印的","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《中华人民共和国社会工作者职业水平证书》","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，该证书在全国范围有效。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK4h3QUNS7FPULmD0XxSZre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"高级社会工作师实行考试和评审相结合的评价制度","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，高级社会工作师考试合格，颁发高级社会工作师考试成绩合格证明，该证明自颁发之日起，在全国范围3年内有效。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniYlxWKj1BgsHAa7u7qfNoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在该证明有效期内，符合高级社会工作师评审条件的，可以申请参加高级社会工作师评审，通过评审且经公示无异议后，颁发由人力资源社会保障部统一印制、人力资源社会保障部和民政部共同用印的","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《中华人民共和国社会工作者职业水平证书（高级社会工作师）》","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，该证书在全国范围内有效。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngtgrmXMnSmOMzm5G3A6mAe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"计分标准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn7rFWwwCX9wHQwiWNPvqmzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、单项选择题为每小题1分，多选、错选、不选均不得分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWhz0hNC1PboPOzODnJttbM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、多项选择题为每小题2分，错选，本题不得分；少选，所选的每个选项得0.5分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnP76oZMkarKJvm8sc3fYHof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、案例分析题（中级实务）为每小题20分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnp7uEH3mTyBH9qPknQrvoDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、案例分析题、论述题（高级）1道必答案例题20分。2道选答案例题（3选2），每道25分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntdUm6QSOVxGqtq4D5u5kmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、选答论述题（2选1）每道30分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE1FMDqwI125DMGRQOjimHe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书领取","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMxFhzo1vpn2SBaieHu0xhc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"助理级社会工作师证书、社会工作师证书以及高级社会工作师证书由中国人社部统一颁发，证书在全国范围内有效。证书的领取时间按照往年发放的时间做参考，基本上是考试成绩公布两个月以后。具体的领取时间是要查看各地的人事考试网发布的领证公告。社会工作师证书领取主要是现场领取和邮寄领取这两种方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnD0czg9ogQKotJtfKVDobHd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"现场领取","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqgIeS4BeNVNIUWTufwlC6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现场领取证书考生可以自己携带身份证件、成绩单打印表到各地人事考试网发布的领证公告中的当地详细领证地点领取。现场领取考生也可以让他人或者单位代领。要注意代领需要代领人及持证人有效身份证原件，但是代领在有些地区是不允许的，具体要看当地的要求。可以拨打当地人事考试网办公室电话询问。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHVZVRJUfiZjOrzo6m5DtWn"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"邮寄领取","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkHKf8JivEzXgRjKGpuSVfh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择邮寄领取就要在规定的时间之内进入各地人事考试网发布的领证公告中规定的邮寄申请的页面，按照要求填写详细信息，申请邮寄证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoRsl4IACuG1YmeHnz298Fh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电子证书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniBlBaKI6I60Vws7FDXeUkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2021年12月16日，社会工作者职业水平考试专业技术人员职业资格的电子证书使用“中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部专业技术人员职业资格证书专用章”电子印章。官网：http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/xxgk2020/fdzdgknr/zcfg/gfxwj/rcrs/202112/t20211221_430806.html。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn7VRozFkDZdtzBCXQtUcJWd"},,"attrs":{"height":390,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电子证书","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/92e88e5410194b7cb249638623007223","width":551},"text":"","id":"doxcnD0GeATX7UTC2WHO9VYpLih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6LhH1PctwV0eLL17FKxZfh"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

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